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Principle of quantum physics
The Planck postulate (or Planck's postulate), one of the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics, is the postulate that the energy of oscillators in
Planck_postulate
Energy–frequency relation in quantum mechanics
effect and black-body radiation (where the related Planck postulate can be used to derive Planck's law). Light can be characterized using several spectral
Planck_relation
Physical constant in quantum mechanics
reciprocal of its wavelength) multiplied by the Planck constant. The constant was postulated by Max Planck in 1900 as a proportionality constant needed to
Planck_constant
Planck units Planck energy Planck length Planck mass Planck time Planck temperature Planck epoch Planck postulate Planck scale Planck star Trans-Planckian problem
List of things named after Max Planck
List_of_things_named_after_Max_Planck
Physical law for entropy and heat
radiance, with the goal of deriving the blackbody energy formula, Planck postulated that the energy of a photon was quantized (partly to simplify the
Second_law_of_thermodynamics
German physicist (1858–1947)
the DPG on 14 December 1900, was the supposition, now known as the Planck postulate, that electromagnetic energy could be emitted only in quantized form
Max_Planck
Spectral density of light emitted by a black body
In physics, Planck's law (also Planck radiation law) describes the spectral density of electromagnetic radiation emitted by a black body in thermal equilibrium
Planck's_law
Minimum amount of a physical entity involved in an interaction
In the attempt to bring theory into agreement with experiment, Max Planck postulated that electromagnetic energy is absorbed or emitted in discrete packets
Quantum
Mathematical structures that allow quantum mechanics to be explained
could only be exchanged in discrete units which he called quanta. Planck postulated a direct proportionality between the frequency of radiation and the
Mathematical formulation of quantum mechanics
Mathematical_formulation_of_quantum_mechanics
Science concerned with physical bodies subjected to forces or displacements
mechanics developed later, over the nineteenth century, precipitated by Planck's postulate and Albert Einstein's explanation of the photoelectric effect. Both
Mechanics
was based on two postulates, as detailed below. Some formulations modify these postulates or attempt to derive the second postulate by deduction. Others
Formulations of special relativity
Formulations_of_special_relativity
Physical law for definition of temperature
is not explicitly defined in that paper. This postulate is a physical postulate of existence. It does not say that there is only one kind of heat. This
Zeroth_law_of_thermodynamics
Classical physics prediction that black body radiation grows unbounded with frequency
function. In 1905, Albert Einstein solved the problem physically by postulating that Planck's quanta were real physical particles – what we now call photons
Ultraviolet_catastrophe
Mathematical description of quantum state
vector for a non-relativistic electron with spin 1⁄2). In 1900, Max Planck postulated the proportionality between the frequency f {\displaystyle f} of a
Wave_function
Two interrelated physics theories by Albert Einstein
by Albert A. Michelson, Hendrik Lorentz, Henri Poincaré and others. Max Planck, Hermann Minkowski and others did subsequent work. Einstein developed general
Theory_of_relativity
Concept in physics
from principles now called the postulates of special relativity. Einstein's formulation only requires two postulates, though his derivation implies a
Postulates of special relativity
Postulates_of_special_relativity
Description of physical properties at the atomic and subatomic scale
which C {\displaystyle C} cannot be zero as this would conflict with the postulate that ψ {\displaystyle \psi } has norm 1. Therefore, since sin ( k L
Quantum_mechanics
Thermal electromagnetic radiation
spectrum that depends only on the body's temperature, called the Planck spectrum or Planck's law. The spectrum is peaked at a characteristic frequency that
Black-body_radiation
Published papers of Albert Einstein in 1905
the "Principle of Relativity") to the status of a postulate, and also introduce another postulate, which is only apparently irreconcilable with the former
Annus_mirabilis_papers
Theory in particle physics
exotic extra dimensional hypotheses that have the relevant size around the Planck scale. The model was proposed by Nima Arkani-Hamed, Savas Dimopoulos, and
Large_extra_dimensions
Law of wavelength-specific emission and absorption
was just postulated to exist, until its precise mathematical expression was found in 1900 by Max Planck. It is nowadays referred to as Planck's law. Then
Kirchhoff's law of thermal radiation
Kirchhoff's_law_of_thermal_radiation
Mathematical model of the Big Bang
release of Planck satellite data, or more than 68.3% (2018 estimate) of the mass–energy density of the universe. Dark matter is postulated in order to
Lambda-CDM_model
epoch Planck force Planck impedance Planck length Planck mass Planck matter Planck momentum Planck particle Planck postulate Planck power Planck pressure
Index_of_physics_articles_(P)
of modern quantum mechanics. December 14 – Max Planck restates his law, utilising the Planck postulate, at a meeting of the German Physical Society. December
1900_in_science
Speed of electromagnetic waves in vacuum
the motion of the light source. He explored the consequences of that postulate by deriving the theory of relativity, and so showed that the parameter
Speed_of_light
Type of energy transfer
of closed systems in thermal connection, he wrote: We are thus led to postulate a system in which energy can pass from one element to another otherwise
Heat
Physics developed since 1900
New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 1. LCCN 55006862. "Max Planck: Originator of quantum theory". "Max Planck | Biography, Discoveries, & Quantum Theory | Britannica"
Modern_physics
Physical systems that don't interact with other parts of the universe
strictly hypothetical. Classical thermodynamics is usually presented as postulating the existence of isolated systems. It is also usually presented as the
Isolated_system
Theory of interwoven space and time by Albert Einstein
light constancy, or the principle of light speed invariance. The first postulate was first formulated by Galileo Galilei (see Galilean invariance). Relativity
Special_relativity
German mathematician and physicist (1864–1909)
of relativity Theory of relativity Formulations Foundations Einstein's postulates Inertial frame of reference Speed of light Maxwell's equations Lorentz
Hermann_Minkowski
Atomic model introduced by Niels Bohr in 1913
The third postulate restates Planck's quantum theory of radiation which was already widely accepted by 1913. The fourth and fifth postulates are combined
Bohr_model
Description of a quantum-mechanical system
characterization of an isolated physical system. The equation was postulated by Schrödinger based on a postulate of Louis de Broglie that all matter has an associated
Schrödinger_equation
Feedback related to climate change
as the planet warms. The Planck response is the additional thermal radiation objects emit as they get warmer. Whether Planck response is a climate change
Climate_change_feedbacks
Literary theme
exploring the inner world of the unconscious mind. That same year, Max Planck postulated that energy is quantized, paving the way for the counter-intuitive
Time_in_Tolkien's_fiction
Fact that observing a situation changes it
involved quantities, derived from Niels Bohr's 1928 paper "The Quantum Postulate and the Recent Development of Atomic Theory", is given by the following
Observer_effect_(physics)
Theory of a quantum origin of consciousness
[page needed] He suggested that at the Planck scale, curved spacetime is not continuous, but discrete. He further postulated that each separated quantum superposition
Orchestrated objective reduction
Orchestrated_objective_reduction
Relation satisfied by conjugate variables in quantum mechanics
Pascual Jordan (1925), who called it a "quantum condition" serving as a postulate of the theory; it was noted by E. Kennard (1927) to imply the Heisenberg
Canonical commutation relation
Canonical_commutation_relation
Group of West Germanic languages
consider a Proto-Anglo-Frisian language as disproven, as far as such postulates are falsifiable. Nevertheless, the close ties and strong similarities
Anglo-Frisian_languages
Unsolved problem in physics
cancellation between two large terms occurs. Therefore, researchers are led to postulate new physical phenomena that resolve hierarchy problems without fine-tuning
Hierarchy_problem
Unit of magnetic moment
theorists commented that the magneton should involve the Planck constant h. By postulating that the ratio of electron kinetic energy to orbital frequency
Bohr_magneton
Everything in space and time
understood. An intense period of expansion called cosmic inflation is postulated to explain many astronomical observations and set the initial conditions
Universe
Local and global geometry of the universe
(such as Euclidean space). Observational evidence (WMAP, BOOMERanG, and Planck, for example) indicates that the observable universe is spatially flat to
Shape_of_the_universe
Online bibliographic database of languages
maintained at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, and between 2015 and 2020 at the Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology
Glottolog
Law of physics
others, some equivalent, and some neither more general nor equivalent. The Planck statement applies only to perfect crystalline substances: As temperature
Third_law_of_thermodynamics
State of no net thermal energy flow between two connected systems
not transitive. After discussing the semantics of the definition, they postulate a substantial physical axiom, that they call the "zeroth law of thermodynamics"
Thermal_equilibrium
Physical quantity of dimension energy × time
general relativity. For systems with small values of action close to the Planck constant, quantum effects are significant. In the simple case of a single
Action_(physics)
Austrian physicist (1900–1958)
deeper reality that might explain the mind/matter gap and wrote, "we must postulate a cosmic order of nature beyond our control to which both the outward
Wolfgang_Pauli
Dormant language of Bolivia
identifies lexical similarities with the Nambikwaran languages, which he postulates is due to contact. In his classification of South American languages,
Itonama_language
Astronomical problem concerning the age of the universe
infinitely old and on average unchanging with time. The steady state theory postulated spontaneous creation of matter to keep the average density constant as
Cosmic_age_problem
This is now known as the Planck relation and the proportionality constant, h, as the Planck constant.[citation needed] Planck's law was the first quantum
History_of_quantum_mechanics
Elementary particle or quantum of light
the work of Albert Einstein, who built upon the research of Max Planck. While Planck was trying to explain how matter and electromagnetic radiation could
Photon
special relativity proposed by Albert Einstein and subsequent work of Max Planck, Hermann Minkowski and others. Although Isaac Newton based his physics on
History_of_special_relativity
Austrian mathematician and theoretical physicist (1844–1906)
Boltzmann’s approach “pav[ed] the way for Planck.” Quantization of energy levels became a fundamental postulate in quantum mechanics, leading to groundbreaking
Ludwig_Boltzmann
Non-mainstream theory in physics
every physical quantity being normalized against its corresponding Planck unit. When Planck units are used and such equations of physical law are expressed
Variable_speed_of_light
Hypothetical invisible cosmic material
galaxy rotation curves, the obvious way to resolve the discrepancy is to postulate the existence of non-luminous matter. Galaxy clusters are particularly
Dark_matter
Physical theory of the cosmos
applied is called the Planck time. Earlier, during the Planck epoch, when the temperature of the universe was close to the Planck scale (around 1032 K
Big_Bang
Charge carried by one proton or electron
been indirectly inferred to ~3% accuracy from blackbody spectra by Max Planck in 1901 and (through the Faraday constant) at order-of-magnitude accuracy
Elementary_charge
German-born theoretical physicist (1879–1955)
was greater than his own. In the spring of 1913, two German visitors, Max Planck and Walther Nernst, called upon Einstein in Zurich in the hope of persuading
Albert_Einstein
Thought experiment in statistical physics
in the semi-classical limit, but now with h {\displaystyle h} being the Planck constant. One can qualitatively see this from Heisenberg's uncertainty principle;
Gibbs_paradox
Quantum mechanical waves describing matter
and h the Planck constant. In the modern convention, frequency is symbolized by f as is done in the rest of this article. Einstein's postulate was verified
Matter_wave
Physics concept expressed as E = mc²
have zero rest mass. The Planck–Einstein relation for the energy for photons is given by the equation E = hf, where h is the Planck constant and f is the
Mass–energy_equivalence
Third most distant quasar known located in the constellation Boötes
times the mass of the sun. All current theories of black hole growth postulate that, in order to grow that massive, the black holes would have needed
ULAS_J1342+0928
German science communicator
post he held until 2022. Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany: Board of Trustees (since 2020) Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics
Carsten_Könneker
Energy driving the accelerated expansion of the universe
and dark matter as different facets of the same unknown substance, or postulate that cold dark matter decays into dark energy. Another class of theories
Dark_energy
Hypothetical conflict with the laws of physics as currently known
important cornerstone of the laws of physics as currently known; the postulate of the time-independence of physical laws is tied to that of the conservation
Time-variation of fundamental constants
Time-variation_of_fundamental_constants
Description of gravity using discrete values
limitations: the gravitational singularities inside black holes, the ad hoc postulation of dark matter, as well as dark energy and its relation to the cosmological
Quantum_gravity
Physics principle formulated by Niels Bohr
some limit, particularly if the Planck constant h were taken to be infinitesimal. With this idea, he showed that Planck's law for thermal radiation leads
Correspondence_principle
Archaeological site in southwestern Libya
This haplogroup was previously unseen in Saharan Africa. Researchers postulate that this genetic lineage could have come from the Near East, possibly
Takarkori
German economist (born 1968)
Bonn. He is external scientific member of the Max Planck Society (and as such a member of the Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods), program
Armin_Falk
Extrasolar pulsar planet
the Sun. The existence of such carbon planets had been theoretically postulated. PSR J1719−1438 was first observed in 2009 by a team headed by Matthew
PSR_J1719−1438_b
Concept
}=h\nu _{0}\left(n+{\tfrac {1}{2}}\right)} where h {\displaystyle h} is the Planck constant, ν 0 {\displaystyle \nu _{0}} is the characteristic frequency of
Entropy (statistical thermodynamics)
Entropy_(statistical_thermodynamics)
(I-V) characteristics for a ballistic CNT FET, one can start with Planck's postulate, which relates the energy of the i-th state to its frequency: E i
Ballistic conduction in single-walled carbon nanotubes
Ballistic_conduction_in_single-walled_carbon_nanotubes
Hypothetical group of multiple universes
past. However, a more thorough analysis of data from the WMAP and from the Planck satellite, which has a resolution three times higher than WMAP, did not
Multiverse
Concept in quantum mechanics
However, the wave model was challenged in 1901 by Planck's law for black-body radiation. Max Planck heuristically derived a formula for the observed spectrum
Wave–particle_duality
1927 physics conference in Como, Italy
September, Niels Bohr presented a seminal lecture titled "The Quantum Postulate and the Recent Development of Atomic Theory" that introduced the principle
Como_Conference
Theory of quantum gravity merging quantum mechanics and general relativity
evolution of a spin network, or spin foam, has a scale on the order of a Planck length, approximately 10−35 meters, and smaller scales are meaningless.
Loop_quantum_gravity
Physical cosmological theory
evolution) which, unlike the dominant cosmological concordance model, postulates that inhomogeneities in the distribution of matter across the universe
Inhomogeneous_cosmology
Claim that human mathematicians are not describable as formal proof systems
He suggested that spacetime is not continuous at the Planck scale, but discrete. Penrose postulated that each separated quantum superposition has its own
Penrose–Lucas_argument
Concept in philosophy and mathematics
sometime between the 6th century to 2nd century BCE. Around 500 BC, he postulated that if we go on dividing matter (padarth), we shall get smaller and smaller
Infinite_divisibility
Approximation or recovery of classical mechanics in certain theories
with physical theories that predict non-classical behavior. A heuristic postulate called the correspondence principle was introduced to quantum theory by
Classical_limit
German behavioral physiologist
historian Hermann Eduard von Holst (1841–1904). In the 1950s he founded the Max Planck Institute for Behavioral Physiology at Seewiesen, Bavaria. Holst is remembered
Erich_von_Holst
German physician and bacteriologist (1843–1910)
disease when inoculated into a healthy, susceptible individual. The fourth postulate was added by an American plant pathologist Erwin Frink Smith in 1905,
Robert_Koch
Body of matter in a state of internal equilibrium
of this fundamental postulate. In reality, practically nothing in nature is in strict thermodynamic equilibrium, but the postulate of thermodynamic equilibrium
Thermodynamic_system
Dutch physicist (1853–1928)
invariance of the equations of electrodynamics, and he formulated the "postulate of relativity", terms which he was the first to employ. Let us add that
Hendrik_Lorentz
Physics of heat, work, and temperature
set out by physicists such as James Clerk Maxwell, Ludwig Boltzmann, Max Planck, Rudolf Clausius and J. Willard Gibbs. Clausius, who first stated the basic
Thermodynamics
Entity owned by a person or a group of people
author of "Oceana," he may have been the first political theorist to postulate that political power is a consequence, not the cause, of the distribution
Property
Theory of rapid universe expansion
problem and the horizon problem as discussed below. The Big Bang theory postulates an initial very hot uniform plasma that expands according to the equations
Cosmic_inflation
Joseph, Sir (1918). "On the nature of heat, as directly deducible from the postulate of Carnot". Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing
Carnot_engine_explanation
Interpretation of quantum mechanics
configuration at all times. The Born rule in de Broglie–Bohm theory is not a postulate. Rather, in this theory, the link between the probability density and
De_Broglie–Bohm_theory
Archaeological culture of the Epipalaeolithic Levant
present in Taforalt from Morocco. A study in 2025 by researchers from the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig sequenced two individuals
Natufian_culture
4D relativistic energy and momentum
of relativity Theory of relativity Formulations Foundations Einstein's postulates Inertial frame of reference Speed of light Maxwell's equations Lorentz
Four-momentum
Formulation of quantum mechanics
given process, then, one adds up, or integrates, the amplitude of the 3rd postulate over the space of all possible paths of the system in between the initial
Path-integral_formulation
German physicist
the Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics in Munich as a director. In 1995, he became the founding director of the newly created Max Planck Institute
Jürgen_Ehlers
State of thermodynamic systems where no net flow of matter or energy occurs
within it. This is a thermodynamic state of internal equilibrium. (This postulate is sometimes, but not often, called the "minus first" law of thermodynamics
Thermodynamic_equilibrium
Intrinsic quantum property of particles
prefactor (−1)2s will reduce to +1, for fermions to −1. This permutation postulate for N-particle state functions has most important consequences in daily
Spin_(physics)
Law of thermodynamics establishing the conservation of energy
− W . {\displaystyle \Delta U=Q-W.} Modern formulations, such as by Max Planck, and by IUPAC, often replace the subtraction with addition, and consider
First_law_of_thermodynamics
wave optics and quantum optics. In the fifth century BCE, Empedocles postulated that everything was composed of four elements; fire, air, earth and water
History_of_optics
Hypothetical physical entity
In physics, a string is a physical entity postulated in string theory and related subjects. Unlike elementary particles, which are zero-dimensional or
String_(physics)
Natural number
In Giuseppe Peano's original formulation of the Peano axioms, a set of postulates to define the natural numbers in a precise and logical way, 1 was treated
1
Elementary particle with extremely low mass
be used for tomography of the interior of the Earth. The neutrino was postulated first by Wolfgang Pauli in 1930 to explain how beta decay could conserve
Neutrino
PLANCK POSTULATE
PLANCK POSTULATE
Surname or Lastname
French (Planté)
French (Planté) : topographic name for someone living by an area of planted ground, a herb garden, shrubbery, or more specifically a vineyard.English : variant of Plant.
Surname or Lastname
English and Dutch
English and Dutch : nickname for an idle person, from Middle Dutch slac, Middle English slack, ‘lazy’, ‘careless’.English : topographic name from northern Middle English slack ‘shallow valley’ (Old Norse slakki), or a habitational name from one of the places named with this word, for example near Stainland and near Hebden Bridge in West Yorkshire.Scottish (Dumfriesshire) : habitational name, maybe from Slake or Slack in Roberton, Roxburghshire (now part of Borders region).It may also be an Americanized spelling of Slovenian Slak, a nickname from slak ‘bindweed’.
Surname or Lastname
English and French
English and French : from Old French blanche ‘fair’, ‘white’, feminine form of blanc (see Blanc). The surname may have arisen from a nickname or from a personal name derived from this word.
Girl/Female
French American Shakespearean
White.
Female
Spanish
Spanish form of French Blanche, BLANCA means "white."
Male
French
 Old French form of German Lanzo, LANCE means "land." Compare with another form of Lance.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : probably from Middle English flack, flak ‘turf’, ‘sod’ (as found in the place name Flatmoor, in Cambridgeshire), and hence perhaps a metonymic occupational name for a turf cutter.North German : topographic name probably derived from a lost word denoting stagnant water.
Female
English
English variant spelling of French Blanche, BLANCH means "white."
Male
English
 English name derived from the Old French word lance, LANCE means "lance (the weapon)." Compare with another form of Lance.
Boy/Male
Native American
Stars.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from the Germanic personal name Lanzo, originally a short form of various compound names with the first element land ‘land’, ‘territory’ (for example, Lambert), but later used as an independent name. It was introduced to England by the Normans, for whom it was a popular name among the ruling classes, perhaps partly because of association with Old French lance ‘lance’, ‘spear’ (see 2).French : metonymic name for a soldier who carried a lance, or a nickname for a skilled fighter, from Old French lance.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Panther
Boy/Male
Irish
The red-haired soldier's son; ruddy warrior.
Girl/Female
Italian Spanish American
White; shining. AFrench Blanche.
Boy/Male
American, Anglo, Australian, British, Chinese, Christian, Danish, English, French, German, Jamaican, Latin
Land; A Lance; A Light Spear
Boy/Male
Spanish
White; blond.
Boy/Male
Indian
Panther
Surname or Lastname
English and French
English and French : metonymic occupational name for a gardener, in particular someone with a herb garden, from Middle English plant (Old English plante), Old French plante ‘herb’, ‘shrub’, ‘young tree’. In English it may also be a nickname for a tender or delicate individual, from the same word in a transferred sense.French : topographic name for a planted area, in particular one planted with herbs or vines. Compare Plantier.Jewish (eastern Ashkenazic) : unexplained.
Surname or Lastname
English (chiefly Berkshire)
English (chiefly Berkshire) : from Middle English planke ‘plank’ (Late Latin planca). It is not clear how this word was applied as a surname: it may be a topographic name for someone who lived near a plank bridge over a stream, a metonymic occupational name for a carpenter, or a nickname for a thin person.North German : nickname for a cantankerous person, from Middle Low German plank ‘quarrel’, ‘discord’.North German : metonymic occupational name from Middle Low German plank ‘measure for liquids’.South German : topographic name from Middle High German plank ‘plank’, ‘palisade’.South German : nickname for a fair-haired person, from a variant of Middle High German blanc ‘light’, ‘shining’.
Male
French
French form of Latin Franciscus, FRANCK means "French."
PLANCK POSTULATE
PLANCK POSTULATE
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Malayalam, Marathi
Joyful; Beautiful; Happiness; Always Smiling
Female
English
Feminine form of English Stephen, STEPHENIE means "crown."Â
Girl/Female
English
Brave; Manly. Famous Bearer: Prince Andrew.
Girl/Female
Hindu
Namaste, Prayer
Boy/Male
German Teutonic
Victorious.
Boy/Male
Arabic, Hindu, Indian, Muslim, Turkish
Truthful
Boy/Male
English Hebrew
persecuted'.
Girl/Female
Muslim
Faith, Belief
Boy/Male
Hindu
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Servant of the Everlasting (Allah)
PLANCK POSTULATE
PLANCK POSTULATE
PLANCK POSTULATE
PLANCK POSTULATE
PLANCK POSTULATE
n.
A plank.
v. i.
To place plants or shoots in the ground; to plant.
n.
One of the separate articles in a declaration of the principles of a party or cause; as, a plank in the national platform.
v. t.
To lay down, as on a plank or table; to stake or pay cash; as, to plank money in a wager.
v. t.
To blanch; to make blank; to damp the spirits of; to dispirit or confuse.
imp. & p. p.
of Plane
v. t.
To throw in the manner of a lance. See Lanch.
a.
Empty; void; without result; fruitless; as, a blank space; a blank day.
v. t.
To make or cover with planks or boards; to plank.
a.
Alt. of Plano-
n.
A black garment or dress; as, she wears black
v. t.
To cause to sound with a clank; as, the prisoners clank their chains.
a.
Lacking characteristics which give variety; as, a blank desert; a blank wall; destitute of interests, affections, hopes, etc.; as, to live a blank existence; destitute of sensations; as, blank unconsciousness.
a.
Combining forms signifying flat, level, plane; as planifolious, planimetry, plano-concave.
a.
Eating, or subsisting on, plants; as, a plant-eating beetle.
a.
To make smooth; to level; to pare off the inequalities of the surface of, as of a board or other piece of wood, by the use of a plane; as, to plane a plank.
n.
To set firmly; to fix; to set and direct, or point; as, to plant cannon against a fort; to plant a standard in any place; to plant one's feet on solid ground; to plant one's fist in another's face.
n.
To furnish, or fit out, with plants; as, to plant a garden, an orchard, or a forest.
v. t.
To cover or lay with planks; as, to plank a floor or a ship.