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Grammatical aspect denoting that a verb's action or participants is/are plural
places. Pluractionality is not uncommon in New Guinea. The Koiarian language Barai has suppletive forms: The Slavic verb can express pluractionality as part
Pluractionality
Extinct Nubian language of northern Sudan and southern Egypt
its grammar, allowing for valency, tense, mood, aspect, person and pluractionality to be expressed on it through a variety of suffixes. The main distinction
Old_Nubian
Grammatical aspect expressing the repetition of an event on a single occasion
aspect (abbreviated iter), also called "semelfactive", "event-internal pluractionality", or "multiplicative", is a grammatical aspect described by some authors
Iterative_aspect
Grammatical number
plural Homogeneity (linguistics) Partitive plural Plural quantification Pluractionality Pluralis majestatis Reduplicated plural Romance plurals Zuckermann
Plural
Creation of derived forms of a verb from its principal parts by inflection
telicity, volition, mirativity, evidentiality, animacy, associativity, pluractionality, and reciprocity. Verbs may also be affected by agreement, polypersonal
Grammatical_conjugation
Grammatical category for verbs
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Voice_(grammar)
Large language family of Africa and West Asia
of the verb is often used to derive forms showing repeated action (pluractionality), though it is unclear if this is an inherited feature or has been
Afroasiatic_languages
Subject and predicate in sentences
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Predicate_(grammar)
Process of word formation, by alteration to express grammatical categories
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Inflection
Formality distinction feature of some languages
terms (with someone)". Honorific Honorifics (linguistics) Hypocorism Pluractionality, another plural device used for politeness Style (form of address)
T–V_distinction
Grammatical category indicating truth or falsehood
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Affirmation_and_negation
Linguistic system of noun classification
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Grammatical_gender
State of standing out as unusual
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Markedness
Aspect of linguistics representing subordinate relationships between things
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Possession_(linguistics)
Feature in the morphology or syntax of some languages
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Degrees of comparison of adjectives and adverbs
Degrees_of_comparison_of_adjectives_and_adverbs
Grammatical feature of verbs
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Grammatical_mood
Grammatical category expressing how a verb extends over time
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Grammatical_aspect
Linguistic notion of claims' support
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Evidentiality
Grammatical category
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Grammatical_person
Austronesian language spoken in Vanuatu
their arguments, some verbs can take only singular arguments and some (pluractional) verbs can only take non-singular arguments. For example, mur, tesi and
Daakaka_language
Grammatical case
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Nominative_case
Semantic way in which a verb is structured in relation to time
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Lexical_aspect
Whether a word specifies the time/location/quantity of what it references or not
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Boundedness_(linguistics)
Language isolate of north-central Tanzania
an echo vowel, occurs after the first syllable of verbs to indicate pluractionality. The copula was covered above. Hadza has several auxiliary verbs: sequential
Hadza_language
Grammatical number
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Singulative_number
Inflection of words according to number, gender, and/or case
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Declension
Phenomenon whereby language is used to discuss possible situations
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Modality_(semantics)
Type of noun referring to collections as a unit
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Collective_noun
Terms describing information structure in linguistics
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Topic_and_comment
Semantic feature of noun phrases in linguistics
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Definiteness
Grammatical case
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Instrumental_case
Expression of time reference in grammar
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Grammatical_tense
Grammatical category which conveys surprise
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Mirativity
Grammatical concept
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Object_(grammar)
Analysis of sentence structure
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Branching_(linguistics)
Categorization of nouns and modifiers by function
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Grammatical_case
Reconstructed ancestor of the Afroasiatic language family
Stauder, Kouwenberg, and Chris Reintges. The use of a vowel a to mark pluractionality is widespread in Afroasiatic, often accompanied by consonant reduplication
Proto-Afroasiatic_language
Tuparian language of Brazil
argument of a transitive verb TH:thematic vowel:thematic vowel PL:pluractionality:pluractionality 1) Eamõyãn s-V /e-amõc-a-t 2-dance-TH-NFUT (en). (S) (ẽt)/
Wayoró_language
Grammatical feature of certain languages
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Polypersonal_agreement
Cause or initiator of an event
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Agent_(grammar)
Word or phrase necessary to complete an expression
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Complement_(linguistics)
Phrase that can be removed, preserving grammatical correctness
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Adjunct_(grammar)
Property of items within the grammar of a language
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Grammatical_category
Type of marking in linguistics
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Pertensive
Any characteristic used to classify a phoneme or word
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Feature_(linguistics)
Linguistic theory giving noun phrases semantic roles
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Thematic_relation
Noun or noun phrase whose quantity is discrete and usually an integer
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Count_noun
Part of a sentence
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Subject_(grammar)
Grammatical category for new or contrastive information
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Focus_(linguistics)
Linguistic category of nouns
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Noun_class
Endangered Kxʼa language of Botswana
First there is an intricate system of nominal plurality and verbal pluractionality. Second, there is a system of verbal compounds. Third, there is a general-purpose
ǂʼAmkoe_language
Grammatical unit
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Tagmeme
Use of grammar in a language to express number
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Grammatical_number
Morphological feature marking the gender of the addresee
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Allocutive_agreement
Language from Papua New Guinea
consonant phonemes. Reduplication is sometimes used to indicate verb pluractionality. Stress indicates greater loudness and higher pitch. Syllables can
Torricelli_language
Linguistic terminology
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Argument_(linguistics)
List of interlinear glossing abbreviations
plperf, ppf[citation needed] pluperfect plur, vpl plu, plr, pl, plurac pluractional (= vpl verbal plural) pm predicate marker pn, propn, pr cn proper noun/name
List of glossing abbreviations
List_of_glossing_abbreviations
Noun whose quantity is treated as an undifferentiated unit
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Mass_noun
Grammatical and/or semantic category of nouns
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Animacy
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Contrast_(linguistics)
Semantic role
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Patient_(grammar)
Grammatical number in addition to singular and plural
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Dual_(grammatical_number)
Grammatical case denoting accompaniment
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Comitative_case
Grammatical distinction in pronouns and agreement
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Clusivity
Grammatical system of a language that covers the expression of tense, aspect, and mood
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Tense–aspect–mood
Linguistic phenomenon whereby a language allows multiple cases suffixed on the same head
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Suffixaufnahme
Type of grammatical construction
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Genitive_construction
Construction of verb compounds in some languages
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Serial_verb_construction
Indigenous language family with two surviving dialects in Peru
IND-SPAT:up-fall-REM-INDIR tree-CLF:rod-NOM A branch fell on the roof long ago Verbal pluractionality is marked on verbs, as well as habitual -ika and iterative -e. The
Harákmbut_language
Sentence with two or more simultaneous agents and patients
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Reciprocal_construction
Comarca in Asturias, Spain
d'Eo Santiso d'Abres Taramundi Jardón Pérez, Natalia (4 March 2022). Pluractional Perfects: Anatomy of a Construction in Eonavian Spanish (Thesis). UiT
Eo-Navia_(comarca)
Whether a verb presents an action/event as having an endpoint
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Telicity
Linguistic encoding of personal knowledge
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Egophoricity
Morphological form of a noun
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Construct_state
Proto-Indo-European verbal formation
the original suffix functioned largely as a marker of iterativity or pluractionality. Inglese and Mattiola argue that crosslinguistic studies on the semantic
Proto-Indo-European sḱé-presents
Proto-Indo-European_sḱé-presents
Property regarding whether a lexical item denotes a transitive object
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Transitivity_(grammar)
Words that measure quantities
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Measure_word
Type of word or affix that is used to accompany nouns
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Classifier_(linguistics)
Grammatical way of constructing a sentence
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Dative_construction
Semantic feature of noun phrases
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Specificity_(linguistics)
Social status and privilege as a grammatical function in many languages
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Honorifics_(linguistics)
Linguistic concept
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Universal_grinder
Attitude or emotion of an utterance
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Affect_(linguistics)
German-Austrian linguist (1943–2025)
Berlin: Akademie Verlag. 55–74. Cyffer, Norbert. 2017. Plurality and pluractionality in Kanuri. STUF – Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung. 70.1:
Norbert_Cyffer
Endangered Australian Aboriginal language
action is distributive, or done multiple times by multiple parties. Pluractionality, or multiple parties engaging in the same action, is also indicated
Bardi_language
Grammatical category
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Associated_motion
Grammatical indication of whether an action was intentional or not
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Volition_(linguistics)
Trans–New Guinea language spoken in Indonesia
aspect, and mood categories, illocution, valency changing devices, pluractionality, and some adverbial categories, such as repetition or return to a previous
Marind_language
Constructed language based on Esperanto
la "she", laja "her, hers"; lo "it", loja "its", etc. Plurality and pluractionality may be shown through reduplication, usually partial: tatablo (or tablo-tablo)
Universal_(Esperantido)
Chinese linguist
56-73. Zhang, N. 2015c. The Morphological Expression of Plurality and Pluractionality in Mandarin. Lingua 165: 1-27. Zhang, N. 2015b. Functional Head Properties
Niina_Ning_Zhang
Linguistic phenomenon
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Quirky_subject
Romance dialects in a Galician/Portuguese–Asturian continuum
Jardon Pérez, Natalia (2022). John Benjamins Publishing Company (ed.). "Pluractional Perfects in Eonavian Spanish". In book Sound, Syntax and Contact in the
Galician–Asturian
When a grammatical category forms a compound while retaining original syntactic function
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Incorporation_(linguistics)
Afro-Asiatic language of Nigeria
imperatives (ii) a verbal derivation forming what has come to be called pluractionals. Polci has a decimal numeral system. Conditionals generally are assumed
Polci_language
Subtractive morpheme
truncation, deletion, and minus formation. In Muskogean, disfixes mark pluractionality (repeated action, plural subjects or objects, or greater duration of
Disfix
Ok language of Western New Guinea
switch-reference markers, having distinct stems based on verbal number/pluractionality, and a few non-finite forms, are all possibilities. A verbal predicate
Muyu_language
Shifting sentence forms with two-object verbs
General features Affect Boundedness Comparison (degree) Egophoricity Pluractionality (verbal number) Honorifics (politeness) Polarity Reciprocity Reflexive
Dative_shift
Family of language in New Guinea
Guinea)". ids.clld.org. Retrieved 2023-08-18. "Nabu - Filming aspectual and pluractional video stimuli". catalog.paradisec.org.au. Retrieved 2023-08-18. Timothy
Pahoturi_languages
PLURACTIONALITY
PLURACTIONALITY
PLURACTIONALITY
PLURACTIONALITY
Biblical
right hand
Male
Egyptian
, a title of Horus.
Girl/Female
Australian
Maiden
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Tamil
More Taking
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from Middle English, Old French soudan, from Arabic sulÌ£tÄn ‘ruler’, specifically the ruler of the Ottoman Empire. In medieval England this was used as a nickname, either for someone who behaved in an outlandish and autocratic manner or for someone who had played the part of a sultan in a pageant.
Boy/Male
Indian
Peace attainder, Attainer of tranquility
Girl/Female
American, Australian, Christian, French, Hebrew
Supplanter; May God Protect; Similar to James; He who Supplants
Boy/Male
Tamil
Briyaan | பà¯à®°à®¿à®¯à®¾à®¨
High hill
Girl/Female
Assamese, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Telugu
Young; Sweet
Girl/Female
Arabic, Hindu, Indian, Marathi, Muslim
Garden in Paradise
PLURACTIONALITY
PLURACTIONALITY
PLURACTIONALITY
PLURACTIONALITY
PLURACTIONALITY