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Class of ranked-choice electoral systems
Positional voting is a ranked voting electoral system in which the options or candidates receive points based on their rank position on each ballot and
Positional_voting
Plurality voting system
instant runoff voting, and less tested methods such as approval voting and condorcet methods can reduce wasted votes, the need for strategic voting and the spoiler
First-past-the-post_voting
Single-winner positional electoral system
candidate with the fewest votes against wins. Anti-plurality voting is an example of a positional voting method. Suppose Tennessee is holding an election on the
Anti-plurality_voting
Point-based ranked voting system
The Borda method or order of merit is a positional voting rule that gives a candidate a number of points equal to the number of candidates ranked below
Borda_count
Single-winner ranked-voting electoral system
ranked-vote systems. Unlike the contingent vote, other ranked-vote systems – such as single transferable voting (STV), instant-runoff voting (IRV), Coombs'
Contingent_vote
Method by which voters make a choice between options
the Coombs' method and positional voting.[citation needed] Among the Cardinal electoral systems, the best known is range voting, where any number of candidates
Electoral_system
Selection of decision-makers by random sample
voters to study and vote on a public policy, while Deliberative opinion polling invites a random sample to deliberate together before voting on a policy. Andranik
Sortition
Multiple-winner electoral system
variant of block voting. Under both cumulative voting and block voting, a voter casts multiple votes but in the case of cumulative voting, can lump them
Cumulative_voting
Voting system
on to a second election (a second round of voting). The two-round system is in the family of plurality voting systems that also includes single-round plurality
Two-round_system
Voting systems that use ranked ballots
Ranked voting is any voting system that uses voters' rankings of candidates to choose a single winner or multiple winners. More formally, a ranked vote system
Ranked_voting
Single-winner ranked-choice electoral system
Instant-runoff voting (IRV; US: ranked-choice voting (RCV), AU: preferential voting, UK/NZ: alternative vote) is a single-winner ranked voting election system
Instant-runoff_voting
Mixed electoral system
proportional representation (PR). First-past-the-post voting alongside PR is a common pairing in parallel voting, but many other combinations are possible. The
Parallel_voting
Method to make collective decisions
decision-making procedure description. Research on herd animal voting behaviours show that voting can be emergent in groups as a signalling system mechanism
Voting
Multi-winner electoral system
ticket voting. In Ireland and Malta, surplus votes are transferred as whole votes (there may be some randomness) and neither allows ticket voting. In Hare–Clark
Single_transferable_vote
Type of electoral system
required. Under single-winner plurality voting, in systems based on single-member districts, plurality voting is called single member [district] plurality
Plurality_voting
Single-winner electoral system
runoff voting (SRV). The runoff step was introduced in an attempt to reduce strategic incentives in ordinary score voting, such as bullet voting and tactical
STAR_voting
Form of voting that allows delegation
Proxy voting is a form of voting whereby a member of a decision-making body may delegate their voting power to a representative, to enable a vote in absence
Proxy_voting
Single-winner rated voting system
Score voting, sometimes called range voting, is an electoral system for single-seat elections. Voters give each candidate a numerical score, and the candidate
Score_voting
Non-proportional electoral system
non-transferable vote, and block plurality voting, is a type of block voting method for multi-winner elections. Each voter may cast as many votes as the number
Plurality_block_voting
Single-winner electoral system
Approval voting is a single-winner rated voting system where voters approve of any number of candidates named on a ballot, and the candidate with the most
Approval_voting
Choosing a candidate other than preferred to undercut a less desired one
systems (i.e. score voting and positional voting) or Rawls's method and its converse. Strategic voting is highly dependent on the voting method being used
Strategic_voting
much smaller compilation complexity. In positional voting systems like plurality or Borda, any set of votes can be summarized by recording the total
Batch_summability
Type of mixed electoral system
Germany, citizens gave only one vote, so that voting for a representative automatically meant also voting for the representative's party, which is still
Mixed-member proportional representation
Mixed-member_proportional_representation
Award for association football players
under FIFA's jurisdiction. In a system based on positional voting, each voter was allotted three votes, worth five points, three points and one point,
FIFA_Ballon_d'Or
Property of electoral systems
Plurality voting Instant-runoff voting Borda count Approval Voting Coombs' rule Bucklin voting (and the closely related median voting) Score Voting With plurality
Condorcet_winner
The winner of the Eurovision Song Contest is determined by a positional voting system. Under the latest version of this system, introduced in 2026, each
Voting at the Eurovision Song Contest
Voting_at_the_Eurovision_Song_Contest
Association football award
representatives invited by FIFA. In a voting system based on positional voting, each voter is allotted three votes, worth five points, three points and
FIFA_World_Player_of_the_Year
Topics referred to by the same term
derivative of the log-likelihood function with respect to the parameter In positional voting, a function mapping the rank of a candidate to the number of points
Score_function
Vote supporting only a single candidate
single-shot, or plump voting is when a voter supports only a single candidate, typically to show strong support for a single favorite. Every voting method that
Bullet_voting
Single-winner electoral system
(/ˈʃʊltsə/), also known as the beatpath method, is a single winner ranked-choice voting rule developed by Markus Schulze. The Schulze method is a Condorcet completion
Schulze_method
Self-contradiction of majority rule
to be voted for. One important implication of the possible existence of the voting paradox in a practical situation is that in a paired voting process
Condorcet_paradox
Decision rule that selects alternatives that have a majority
the majority rule is the plurality-rule family of voting rules, which includes ranked choice voting (RCV), two-round plurality, and first-preference plurality
Majority_rule
Pairwise-comparison electoral system
the original on 2022-09-14. then the vote shall be performed using either a Condorcet voting system or a score voting system, as the participants shall decide
Condorcet_method
Multi-winner, semi-proportional electoral system
limited voting where each elector has one vote, or as a simple version of single transferable vote where votes are not transferred. Unlike block voting or
Single_non-transferable_vote
Electoral or law making voting system
Weighted voting are voting rules that grant some voters a greater influence than others (which contrasts with rules that assign every voter an equal vote). Such
Weighted_voting
Votes required to win a seat in proportional systems
when the number of votes is exactly a whole number. Lundell, Jonathan; Hill, ID (October 2007). "Notes on the Droop quota" (PDF). Voting Matters (24): 3–6
Droop_quota
Voting system that makes outcomes proportional to vote totals
inclusive voting procedures Election districts voting improves PR with overlapping districts elections for first-past-the-post, alternative-vote, and
Proportional_representation
Multiple-winner electoral system
Limited voting (also known as partial block voting) is a voting system in which electors have fewer votes than there are positions available. The positions
Limited_voting
Election that narrows the field of candidates before an election for office
members participated in the voting. From roughly 10,000 registered candidates, 78 were chosen via secret electronic voting from a short-list of 267. These
Primary_election
Electoral systems with independent candidate ratings
Rated, evaluative, graded, or cardinal voting rules are a class of voting methods that allow voters to state how strongly they support a candidate, by
Rated_voting
Type of multi-winner plurality/majority electoral system
where the voting system allows for the selection of multiple winners at once. Block voting falls under the multiple non-transferable vote category, a
Block_voting
Way to distribute seats in a legislative body
the "voting place" or "administrative quantum" (for example, a municipality, a precinct, a polling district) traditionally designed for voting convenience
Apportionment_(politics)
district magnitude ranging from 14 to 45, and through first-past-the-post voting in two single-member constituencies. South Korea uses the additional member
List of electoral systems by country
List_of_electoral_systems_by_country
Comparative politics for electoral systems
methods to compare voting systems: Metrics of voter satisfaction, either through simulation or survey. Adherence to logical criteria. Voting methods can be
Comparison of electoral systems
Comparison_of_electoral_systems
Collective decision-making procedure
Quadratic voting (QV) is a voting system that encourages voters to express their true relative intensity of preference (utility) between multiple options
Quadratic_voting
Process of electing more than one winner in the same election / district
Chamberlin-Courant and PAV are both NP-hard. Positional scoring rules are common in rank-based single-winner voting. Each voter ranks the candidates from best
Multiwinner_voting
Type of voting rules for an election
The highest median voting rules are a class of graded voting rules where the candidate with the highest median rating is elected. The various highest
Highest_median_voting_rules
Invalid ballot that is not counted
In voting, a ballot is not included in the vote count if a law declares or an election authority determines that it is spoilt (chiefly British), spoiled
Spoilt_vote
Proportional-representation electoral system
to avoid bias between large parties and small parties to avoid strategic voting. André Sainte-Laguë showed theoretically that the Sainte-Laguë method shows
Sainte-Laguë_method
Multiple-winner electoral system
is a special case of Thiele's voting rule, proposed by Thorvald N. Thiele. It was used in combination with ranked voting in the Swedish elections from
Proportional_approval_voting
Number of votes a candidate needs to win
a lesser number of seats. The common quotas used in single transferable voting elections (Hare and Droop) are such that no more can achieve quota than
Electoral_quota
Election result affecting losing candidate
severity of spoiler effects depends substantially on the voting method. First-past-the-post voting without winnowing or primary elections[citation needed]
Spoiler_effect
Single-winner electoral system
votes from the number of approval votes. It is a cardinal system and a variant of score voting. It has also been referred to as dis&approval voting,
Combined_approval_voting
Property of electoral systems
voting system is winner-consistent if and only if it is a point-summing method; in other words, it must be a positional voting system or score voting
Consistency_criterion
Document used to cast votes in an election
ballot is a device used to cast votes in an election and may be found as a piece of paper or a small ball used in voting. It was originally a small ball
Ballot
Annual award for the most valuable college football player
This constitutes one Heisman vote. Except for the one vote based on the fan voting, the balloting is based on positional voting. Each voter identifies three
Heisman_Trophy
Annual international song competition
taken into account. The results of the contest are determined by a positional voting system, with its most recent version implemented in 2026. Each country
Eurovision_Song_Contest
Class of electoral systems
Bucklin voting is an election system that uses ranked (but nontransferable) votes and can be used for single-member and multi-member districts. As in
Bucklin_voting
Single-winner electoral system
S; Nurmi, Hannu (2018). Voting procedures for electing a single candidate : proving their (in)vulnerability to various voting paradoxes. Cham, Switzerland:
Black's_method
Theorem in political science
Arrow. Similar median voter theorems exist for rules like score voting and approval voting when voters are either strategic and informed or if voters' ratings
Median_voter_theorem
Voting systems using paired comparisons
Round-robin, paired comparison, or tournament voting methods, are a set of ranked voting systems that choose winners by comparing every pair of candidates
Round-robin_voting
Mixed electoral system with compensation
The alternative vote plus (AV+), or alternative vote top-up, is a semi-proportional voting system. AV+ was devised by the 1998 Jenkins Commission which
Alternative_vote_plus
Voting method
exhaustive ballot is a voting system used to elect a single winner. Under the exhaustive ballot the elector casts a single vote for their chosen candidate
Exhaustive_ballot
Function that ranks states of society according to their desirability
Ordinal (or ranked voting) functions only use ordinal information; i.e., whether one choice is better than another. Cardinal (or rated voting) functions also
Social_welfare_function
Single-winner cardinal voting system
single-winner voting system proposed in 2010 by Michel Balinski and Rida Laraki. It is a kind of highest median rule, a cardinal voting system that elects
Majority_judgment
Study of rational collective decision-making
parliamentary procedures for voting on laws, as well as electoral systems; as such, the field is occasionally called voting theory. It is closely related
Social_choice_theory
Proportional-representation voting system
particular, the largest remainder methods exhibit the no-show paradox, i.e. voting for a party can cause it to lose seats. The largest remainders methods are
Quota_method
Election strategy
prospects (in plurality voting systems), or it may concentrate votes in favor of the overrepresented constituencies (in positional voting systems). Strategic
Strategic_nomination
Personalized list proportional voting system
needs to receive 5% of the party's votes for the personal vote to overrule the ordering on the party list. Voting without expressing a preference between
Open_list
Family of voting systems
various mixed systems, using either additional member systems or parallel voting. Some apportionment methods may favor small parties; others may favor large
Party-list proportional representation
Party-list_proportional_representation
Principle that voting for a candidate should help them
principle of one man, one vote. Positional methods and score voting satisfy the participation criterion. All deterministic voting rules that satisfy pairwise
Participation_criterion
Grouping of candidates for election
Zealand Parliament. Voters cast two votes: one for an electorate candidate and one for the party at large. The "party vote" determines the overall distribution
Electoral_list
Phenomenon in electoral systems
Tactical voting – Voters in countries that can cast a vote in the list vote and cast a local vote (such as Germany) may decide not to vote for a local
Overhang_seat
Criterion that prevents lesser-evil voting
ranked voting systems fail this criterion. Lesser-evil-voting is particularly prevalent in plurality-based voting systems like ranked choice voting (RCV)
Sincere_favorite_criterion
(preferential voting; ordinal voting) (allows vote transfers) score (cardinal voting) Decision rule No quotas Plurality (candidate or candidates with most votes wins
List_of_electoral_systems
Votes that do not impact an election
reduce wasted votes. Strategic voting, also known as tactical voting, is a voting behaviour that attempts to reduce the chance of a vote being wasted.
Wasted_vote
National legislature of Nauru
in 2013. The members of the Parliament of Nauru are elected by a positional voting system. The Parliament of Nauru came into existence with the country's
Parliament_of_Nauru
Electoral district with one representative in a legislature
sizeable minority (or even a majority, in the case of plurality voting) of the electorate votes for candidates from other parties. This enables political parties
Single-member_district
Multiple transferable voting, sometimes called block preferential, block instant-runoff, multi-pass, or cascade voting, is a winner-take-all system for
Block_preferential_voting
Combination of direct and representative democracy
foundation of proxy voting but differs from this earlier model in the degree of scale. Unlike proxy voting, liquid democratic votes may be delegated to
Liquid_democracy
Single-winner electoral system
sometimes called the usual judgment or continuous Bucklin voting, is a single-winner rated voting rule that selects the candidate with the highest median
Graduated_majority_judgment
Variant of party-list voting system
Party block voting (general ticket) with a closed list Côte d'Ivoire (party block voting in multi-member districts) Singapore (party block voting in multi-member
Closed_list
Method for allocating seats in parliaments
divided into 10 voting districts with 14 elected representatives each, sometimes the threshold can be higher, depending on the number of votes of "fallen lists"
D'Hondt_method
features including compulsory enrolment; compulsory voting; majority-preferential instant-runoff voting in single-member seats to elect the lower house,
Electoral_system_of_Australia
Voting requirement above 50% for passage
decision-making Minoritarianism Unanimity Voting in the Council of the European Union—described the "qualified majority voting" requirement in that body Schwartzberg
Supermajority
Spoiler effect in RCV and two-round systems
distance, score voting will always select the candidate closest to some central tendency of the voter distribution. As a result, while score voting does not
Center_squeeze
Proportional-representation ranked voting system
have additional resistance to forms of tactical voting which are specific to single transferable voting methods, in particular a phenomenon that Schulze
Schulze_STV
Voting method in mixed-member systems
and mixed majoritarian systems (such as parallel voting) where voters cast two votes, split-ticket voting is not possible under MSV. This significantly reduces
Mixed_single_vote
Criterion for evaluating fairness of electoral systems
Justified representation (JR) is a criterion of fairness in multiwinner voting. It requires that each group of voters should be represented in proportion
Justified_representation
Proportional-representation voting system
winner's surplus votes. The name is derived from the names of English barrister Thomas Hare, the original inventor of single transferable voting, and Attorney-General
Hare–Clark_electoral_system
Single-winner ranked voting rule
electors voting against their least-favorite candidate; the candidate ranked last by the most voters is eliminated. The method fails several voting system
Coombs'_method
Proportional electoral system
between three parties A, B, C having respectively 100,000, 80,000 and 30,000 votes. Each eligible party is assigned one seat. With all the initial seats assigned
Huntington–Hill_method
Political term about incumbents losing elections
voting Instant-runoff voting Coombs' method Contingent vote Supplementary vote Simple majoritarianism Plurality Positional voting system Score voting
Unseating
Single-winner ranked vote system
method. Ranked voting Comparison of electoral systems List of democracy and elections-related topics Voting systems Multiwinner voting – contains information
Copeland's_method
Index of articles associated with the same name
principle of one man, one vote. Positional methods and score voting satisfy the participation criterion. All deterministic voting rules that satisfy pairwise
Voting_criteria
Partially compensatory electoral system
mixed-member majoritarian representation, parallel voting.[citation needed] Like in parallel voting, a party that can gerrymander local districts can win
Vote_linkage
Single-winner ranked-choice voting system
candidates) before they become a Condorcet winner. In short, we must find the voting profile with minimum Kendall tau distance from the input, such that it has
Dodgson's_method
Class of apportionment methods
H. Peyton (1982). Fair Representation: Meeting the Ideal of One Man, One Vote. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-02724-9. Balinski, M. L.; Young
Rank-index_method
Approval-like voting rule
voting, which allows voters to cast more votes than there are open seats. It is a cardinal method like approval voting and combined approval voting.
D21_–_Janeček_method
Annual college football award
champion by secret ballot. Voting was conducted initially by a positional voting system but after 1994 by a single-team vote. Beginning in 2002, the FWAA
Grantland_Rice_Trophy
POSITIONAL VOTING
POSITIONAL VOTING
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Honour; Esteem; Regard; Affection; To Respect an Honour; Raise to an Exalted Position
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from Louth in Lincolnshire, so called from its position on the river Lud (Old English Hlūde, meaning ‘the loud one’).Irish : when not of English origin (see 1), probably a reduced and altered form of McLeod. Compare McLouth.
Surname or Lastname
English
English : regional name for someone from the county of Surrey, so named from Old English sūther ‘southerly’ + gē ‘district’, possibly a reference to its position south of the Thames.
Girl/Female
Indian
Higher position, Esteemed privilege & honor
Surname or Lastname
English
English : of uncertain origin. It may be a nickname for a beggar, from an agent derivative of maund ‘beg’ (probably from Old French mendier, Late Latin mendicare); this word is not attested before the 16th century, but may well have been in use earlier. Alternatively it may be an occupational name for a maker of baskets, from an agent derivative of Middle English maund ‘basket’ (Old French mande, of Germanic origin); or perhaps for someone in some position of authority, from a shortened form of Middle English coma(u)nder (from coma(u)nden ‘to command’).German : habitational name from places called Mandern, in Hesse and the Rhineland.Belgian (van der Mander) : habitational name from a place called Ter Mandere or Mandel, in West Flanders, derived from the river name Mandel.Indian (Panjab) : Sikh (Dogar, Jat) name of unknown meaning, based on the names of clans in these communities.
Girl/Female
Hindu
Position
Girl/Female
Bengali, Gujarati, Hindu, Indian, Jain, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sanskrit, Tamil, Telugu
A Vedic Composition; Vedic Om Position; God
Surname or Lastname
English
English : habitational name from any of three places in Essex – Layer Breton, Layer de la Haye, and Layer Marney – all named from a river name, Leire, or from Leire in Leicestershire, also named from an identical river name. The river name is of Celtic origin and is probably the base of the tribal name Ligore, found in the place name Leicester.English : nickname or status name from Anglo-Norman French le eyr ‘the heir’. Compare Ayer.English : occupational name for a stone layer, Middle English leyer; the job of the layer was to position the stones worked by the masons.German : habitational name for someone from any of the various placed named Lay, in the Rhineland and Bavaria.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Position
Girl/Female
Arabic, Muslim
Higher Position; Esteemed Privileged; Honour
Girl/Female
Muslim
Higher position, Esteemed privilege & honor
Girl/Female
Hindu
One who always holds the st position among all the girls
Girl/Female
Indian, Sanskrit, Telugu
Always at High Position
Male
Hebrew
(ש×Öµ×) Hebrew name SHEM means "conspicuous position, name, renown, sigma." In the bible, this is the name of a son of Noah.
Girl/Female
Tamil
Sreyashi | ஸà¯à®°à¯‡à®¯à®¾à®·à¯€
One who always holds the st position among all the girls
Sreyashi | ஸà¯à®°à¯‡à®¯à®¾à®·à¯€
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
A Particular Position of the Sun and the Moon
Boy/Male
Arabic
Stand Position
POSITIONAL VOTING
POSITIONAL VOTING
Boy/Male
Tamil
Satyapal | ஸதà¯à®¯à®ªà®¾à®²
Ruler of truth
Boy/Male
English Swedish
Wealthy guardian.
Girl/Female
Australian, Latin
Grace
Boy/Male
Hebrew
Gift from God.
Boy/Male
Indian, Tamil
Lord Krishna
Girl/Female
Indian, Sanskrit
Eternally Fresh Garland
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
A Sweet Little Angel; Dynamic Personality
Boy/Male
Swedish
Hall.
Girl/Female
British, English
Shining; Bright
Boy/Male
Tamil
Vakratund | வகà¯à®°à®¤à¯à®‚ட
An epithet of Ganesh, Lord Ganesh
POSITIONAL VOTING
POSITIONAL VOTING
POSITIONAL VOTING
POSITIONAL VOTING
POSITIONAL VOTING
n.
Rank; degree; position.
adv.
In a kneeling position.
n.
A method of solving a problem by one or two suppositions; -- called also the rule of trial and error.
a.
Pertaining to apposition; put in apposition syntactically.
n.
Place; position; situation.
n.
Position; place.
n.
Relative position or aspect of the planets; the face of the horoscope, according to the relative positions of the planets at any time.
a.
Concerned both in sensation and volition; -- applied to those nerve fibers which pass to and from the cerebro-spinal axis, and are respectively concerned in sensation and volition.
n.
Hence: The ground which any one takes in an argument or controversy; the point of view from which any one proceeds to a discussion; also, a principle laid down as the basis of reasoning; a proposition; a thesis; as, to define one's position; to appear in a false position.
n.
The state of being posited, or placed; the manner in which anything is placed; attitude; condition; as, a firm, an inclined, or an upright position.
n.
Disposition; arrangement; position; posture.
a.
Holding a delegated position.
a.
Belonging or relating to volition.
n.
A wrong position.
n.
Situation; position; location.
n.
Relative place or standing; social or official rank; as, a person of position; hence, office; post; as, to lose one's position.
n.
The spot where a person or thing is placed or takes a place; site; place; station; situation; as, the position of man in creation; the fleet changed its position.
n.
Vertical position; zenith.
v. t.
To indicate the position of; to place.
a.
Of or pertaining to position.