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Type of complex consonant combining plosive with non-plosive elements
considered an occlusive/stop without the pre-occlusion. A pre-stopped consonant behaves phonologically as a single consonant. That is, like affricates
Pre-stopped_consonant
Type of articulation
other consonant sequences. Thus the prenasalized stops behave like ordinary consonants. In some Oceanic languages, prenasalisation of voiced consonants depends
Prenasalized_consonant
Type of occlusive consonant
prenasalized consonants, pre-stopped nasals and post-stopped nasals, as in Arrernte nasal clicks such as Zulu nq, nx, nc other nasalized consonants, such as
Nasal_consonant
Place of articulation
Velar consonants are consonants articulated with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate, the back part of the roof of the mouth
Velar_consonant
Phonetic process
simultaneously with another consonant. In certain cases, the glottal stop can even wholly replace the voiceless consonant. The term 'glottalized' is also
Glottalization
Type of consonant
alveopalatal) consonants, sometimes synonymous with pre-palatal consonants, are intermediate in articulation between the coronal and dorsal consonants, or which
Alveolo-palatal_consonant
Phonetic phenomenon in Uralic languages
⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. Consonant gradation is a type of consonant mutation (mostly lenition but also assimilation) found
Consonant_gradation
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ɡ⟩ in IPA
A voiced velar plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages. It is familiar to English-speakers as the "g" sound in "against"
Voiced_velar_plosive
Consonants articulated with the lower lip and the upper teeth
phonetics, labiodentals are consonants articulated with the upper teeth and the lower lip, such as [f] and [v]. The labiodental consonants identified by the International
Labiodental_consonant
Consonant which either forms a syllable by itself or is the nucleus of a syllable
A syllabic consonant, or vocalic consonant, is a consonant that forms the nucleus of a syllable on its own, like the m, n and l in some pronunciations
Syllabic_consonant
Phonetic feature
palatization is a way of pronouncing a consonant in which part of the tongue is moved close to the hard palate. Consonants pronounced this way are said to be
Palatalization_(phonetics)
Consonant that is articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth
A dental consonant is a consonant articulated with the tongue against the upper teeth, such as /θ/, /ð/. In some languages, dentals are distinguished from
Dental_consonant
Type of phonation
comparative Indo-European studies, breathy consonants are often called voiced aspirated, as in the Hindi and Sanskrit stops normally denoted bh, dh, ḍh, jh, and
Breathy_voice
Place of articulation
Glottal consonants are consonants using the glottis as their primary articulation. Many phoneticians consider them, or at least the glottal fricative
Glottal_consonant
Sound made by stopping airflow in the glottis
A glottal stop, glottal plosive, or glottal catch is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages, produced by obstructing airflow in the
Glottal_stop
Speech sounds in several African languages
instead of the intended characters. Click consonants, or clicks, are speech sounds that occur as consonants in many languages of Southern Africa and in
Click_consonant
Series of sound changes affecting some West Germanic languages
voiceless stop consonants /t/, /p/, and /k/, depending on position in a word. A related change, the devoicing of the voiced stopped consonants /d/, /b/
High_German_consonant_shift
Consonant that begins as a stop and releases as a fricative
§ Brackets and transcription delimiters. An affricate is a consonant that begins as a stop and releases as a fricative, generally with the same place
Affricate
Pronouncing "t" as a glottal stop
Pre-glottalization of /t/ is found in RP and General American (GA) when the consonant /t/ occurs before another consonant, or before a pause: pre-consonantal:
T-glottalization
Group of stop constants involving both ingressive and egressive mechanisms
IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. Implosive consonants are a group of stop consonants (and possibly also some affricates) with a mixed glottalic
Implosive_consonant
Consonant produced with tongue against the upper lip
Linguolabials, or more specifically apicolabials and laminolabials, are consonants articulated by placing the tongue tip or blade against the upper lip,
Linguolabial_consonant
Phonology of the English language
complex set of phonological features that distinguish fortis and lenis consonants (stops, affricates, and fricatives). Phonological analysis of English often
English_phonology
Type of consonant
§ Brackets and transcription delimiters. In phonetics, a trill is a consonantal sound produced by vibrations between the active articulator and passive
Trill_consonant
in phonetics, is voicing before the onset of a consonant or beginning with the onset of the consonant but ending before its release. In the extensions
Pre-voicing
Consonant articulated with a flat tongue against the alveolar ridge and upper teeth
is, a denti-alveolar consonant is (pre)alveolar and (apico)laminal rather than purely dental. Although denti-alveolar consonants are often labeled as
Denti-alveolar_consonant
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ʁ⟩ in IPA
A voiced uvular fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents
Voiced_uvular_fricative
of consonant clusters. The H-cluster reductions are various consonant reductions that have occurred in the history of English, involving consonant clusters
Phonological history of English consonant clusters
Phonological_history_of_English_consonant_clusters
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨q⟩ in IPA
A voiceless uvular plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. It is pronounced like a voiceless velar plosive [k]
Voiceless_uvular_plosive
Consonant sound articulated in the same place of articulation as another
In phonetics, homorganic consonants (from Latin homo- 'same' and organ '[speech] organ') are consonant sounds that are articulated in the same place of
Homorganic_consonant
Class of consonants
pattern with fricatives, semivowels, or even stops. For example, the alveolar flap is a rhotic consonant in multiple languages, but in North American
Rhotic_consonant
Most widely spoken of all Sámi languages
with other sonorants. Pre-stopped nasal consonants (Q2) are indicated by a preceding letter for a voiceless stop. Voiced pre-stopped nasals (Q3) are written
Northern_Sámi
Abugida script for the Khmer language
under the main consonant. Originally there were 35 consonant characters, but modern Khmer uses only 33. Each character represents a consonant sound together
Khmer_script
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨k⟩ in IPA
A voiceless velar plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in almost all spoken languages. It is familiar to English-speakers as the "k" sound
Voiceless_velar_plosive
Consonant preceded by strong burst of air
preaspirated stops have a longer duration of aspiration than normally aspirated (post-aspirated) stops, comparable to clusters of [h]+consonant in languages
Preaspiration
Sound changes
Assimilation of certain consonants in clusters, especially nasals. Glottalization and pre-glottalization (insertion of a glottal stop in place of or before
Phonological history of English consonants
Phonological_history_of_English_consonants
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ɴ⟩ in IPA
A voiced uvular nasal is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents
Voiced_uvular_nasal
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ɢ⟩ in IPA
A voiced uvular plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. It is pronounced like a voiced velar plosive [ɡ], except
Voiced_uvular_plosive
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ŋ⟩ in IPA
is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. It is the sound of ng in English sing, as well as n before velar consonants as in English
Voiced_velar_nasal
Consonantal sound
normally done because the stop component is by default assumed to be homorganic with the fricative component of the consonant. [dʑ] is the sibilant equivalent
Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate
Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ɟ⟩ in IPA
A voiced palatal plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents
Voiced_palatal_plosive
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨x⟩ in IPA
voiceless velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. It was part of the consonant inventory of Old English and can still
Voiceless_velar_fricative
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ʄ⟩ in IPA
A voiced palatal implosive is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents
Voiced_palatal_implosive
Place in the mouth consonants are articulated
phonetics, the place of articulation (also point of articulation) of a consonant is an approximate location along the vocal tract where its production
Place_of_articulation
Consonantal sound
A creaky-voiced glottal approximant is a consonant sound in some languages. It involves tension in the glottis and diminution of airflow, compared to
Creaky-voiced glottal approximant
Creaky-voiced_glottal_approximant
Phonetic sound
In phonetics and phonology, nonexplosive stops are a broad conception of consonants that resemble (and may include) implosives but that do not necessarily
Nonexplosive_stop
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ɥ⟩ in IPA
A voiced labial–palatal (or labio-palatal) approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages, for example, French huitième, read
Voiced labial–palatal approximant
Voiced_labial–palatal_approximant
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ɴ̥⟩ in IPA
velar, pre-uvular, advanced uvular or front(ed-)uvular, which means it is articulated between the position of velar consonants and uvular consonants. Its
Voiceless_uvular_nasal
Feature of the production of stop consonants
feature of the production of stop consonants. It is defined as the length of time that passes between the release of a stop consonant and the onset of voicing
Voice_onset_time
Sounds and pronunciation of Icelandic
Standard Mandarin. Preaspirated voiceless stops are also common. However, fricative and sonorant consonant phonemes exhibit regular contrasts in voice
Icelandic_phonology
Sounds and pronunciation of the Russian language
[ˈmʲæxʲkʲɪj]) or palatalized Russian also distinguishes hard consonants from soft consonants and from consonant+/j/ clusters, making four sets in total: /C Cʲ Cj
Russian_phonology
Ancestor of the Germanic languages
law, (which pertained mainly to consonants and were considered for many decades to have generated Proto-Germanic) as pre-Proto-Germanic and held that the
Proto-Germanic_language
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ɰ⟩ in IPA
A voiced velar approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents
Voiced_velar_approximant
Type of consonant sound
a consonant, the on-glide or off-glide of a vowel, and fleeting or weak segments. Among others, these phenomena include pre-nasalization ([ᵐb]), pre-stopping
Secondary_articulation
Icelandic alphabet and spelling
geminates and pre-aspirated stops as CC, the vowel is short. There are, however, some exceptions to this rule: A vowel is long when the first consonant following
Icelandic_orthography
Phonological system of the Japanese language
distinct consonants (as many as 21 in some analyses) and 5 distinct vowels, /a, e, i, o, u/. Phonetic length is contrastive for both vowels and consonants, and
Japanese_phonology
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨c⟩ in IPA
A voiceless palatal plosive or stop is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that
Voiceless_palatal_plosive
Endangered Uralic language of Scandinavia
"preaspirated" and "pre-stopped" will be used in this article to describe these combinations for convenience. Stops before a homorganic nasal (pre-stopped nasals)
Lule_Sámi
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨qχ⟩ in IPA
A voiceless uvular affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent
Voiceless_uvular_affricate
Consonantal sound
normally done because the stop component is by default assumed to be homorganic with the fricative component of the consonant. [tɕ] occurs in languages
Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate
Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate
Voorhoeve (1965). He identified 15 vowels and 40 consonants. Not described by Voorhoeve (1965) are the plain and pre-nasalized bilabial trills /ʙ/, /ᵐʙ/, which
Medumba_phonology
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ʎ̝⟩ in IPA
A voiced palatal lateral fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that
Voiced palatal lateral fricative
Voiced_palatal_lateral_fricative
Brahmic script used commonly to write the Malayalam language
പ് + la ല = pla പ്ല l ല് + la ല = lla ല്ല A consonant letter ra (്ര) after a consonant usually takes a pre-base form in the reformed orthography, while
Malayalam_script
Branch of linguistics studying how humans make sounds
uvular consonants. In languages with uvular consonants, stops are most frequent followed by continuants (including nasals). Radical consonants either
Articulatory_phonetics
Extinct language of prehistoric Greece
feature characteristic of pre-Greek. It is, however, unlikely that voicing or consonantal aspiration were distinctive features, as pre-Greek loanwords in Greek
Pre-Greek_substrate
Phonetic changes in the Old Irish language
Lenition of all single consonants between vowels. That applied across word boundaries in the case of syntactically connected words. Stops became fricatives
Phonological history of Old Irish
Phonological_history_of_Old_Irish
Australian Aboriginal language
laminal consonant (see Consonants above), excluding the pre-stopped nasals. All words must end with a vowel. In addition to the pre-stopped consonants, consonant
Kaurna_language
Proto-Germanic sound law
derived from Pre-Germanic *géws-o-nom : *gus-únt ~ *gus-o-nós 'taste, try'. We would have **corn for chosen in Modern English if the consonants of choose
Verner's_law
Sounds and pronunciation of the Swedish language
Norwegian. Swedish pronunciation of most consonants is similar to that of other Germanic languages. There are 18 consonant phonemes, of which /ɧ/ and /r/ show
Swedish_phonology
slender consonant. In Scottish Gaelic, it represents /a/ or /ɛ/ between a broad and a slender consonant, except when preceding word-final or pre-consonant ⟨ll
List_of_Latin-script_digraphs
Phonology of the Turkish language
rounded or unrounded. Velar stop consonants have palatal allophones before front vowels. In native Turkic words, the velar consonants /k, ɡ/ are palatalized
Turkish_phonology
become syllabic between two consonants or after a consonant at the end of a word. /t/ and /d/ can be pronounced as dental stops. While /d/ is commonly realized
Czech_phonology
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨χ⟩ in IPA
A voiceless uvular fricative is a type of consonantal sound that is used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that
Voiceless_uvular_fricative
ει did not follow the same evolution as pre-consonantal ει. One theory to explain the difference is that pre-vocalic ει may have kept a diphthongal value
Koine_Greek_phonology
System of phonetic notation
is placed at the right-hand margin of the consonant, rather than immediately after the letter for the stop: ⟨t͜ʃʼ⟩, ⟨kʷʼ⟩. In imprecise transcription
International Phonetic Alphabet
International_Phonetic_Alphabet
Pre-6th century Goidelic Celtic language of Ireland and Britain
Irish, such as initial mutations, distinct "broad" and "slender" consonants and consonant clusters, are not yet represented in the earliest inscriptions
Primitive_Irish
Reconstructed ancestor of the Sámi languages
substrate? → preS *ašŋVn > PS *vuosŋōn 'perch' (cf. Finnish ahven) substrate? → preS *šewšim > PS *sëvsëm 'feather' (cf. Finnish höyhen) Later consonant changes
Proto-Sámi_language
Sounds and pronunciation of the Polish language
six oral monophthongs and two nasals in traditional speech, while the consonant system is much more complex. The Polish vowel system consists of six oral
Polish_phonology
Sound system of the Korean language
small ˀ before tensed consonants; this notation is generally used to denote pre-glottalization. An asterisk * after a tensed consonant is also used in literature
Korean_phonology
Endangered Tuu language of South Africa
with a consonant (CV). The second mora may be a single vowel (V), a nasal consonant m or n (N), or one of a drastically reduced number of consonants plus
Nǁng_language
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨kx⟩ in IPA
A voiceless velar affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents
Voiceless_velar_affricate
Phenomenon in linguistics
phonology, assimilation is a sound change in which some phonemes (typically consonants or vowels) change to become more similar to other nearby sounds. This
Assimilation_(phonology)
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ɣ⟩ in IPA
A voiced velar fricative is a type of consonantal sound that is used in various spoken languages. It is not found in most varieties of Modern English
Voiced_velar_fricative
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨cç⟩ in IPA
A voiceless palatal affricate is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represent
Voiceless_palatal_affricate
Writing system where each symbol stands for a consonant
(/ˈæbdʒæd/ ; or abgad, lit. 'alphabet') is a writing system in which only consonants are represented by letter signs, leaving the vowels to be inferred by
Abjad
Khmer
Judith M (1976). "An Examination of the Vowels and final Consonants in Correspondences between pre-Angkor and modern Khmer" (PDF). Pacific Linguistics. 42
Middle_Khmer
Endangered Caddoan language of Oklahoma, US
Pawnee has eight consonant phonemes, and according to one analysis of medial- and final-position glottal stops, one may posit a ninth consonant phoneme. /ʔ/
Pawnee_language
Indo-Aryan language of Sri Lanka
corresponds to Sanskrit jāla) development of prenasalized consonants from Sanskrit nasal + voiced stops (as in han̆da) retention of initial /w/ and /j/, the
Sinhala_language
Basic unit distinguishing one sound from another in a language
syllabic consonants, [+syllabic] designates all vowels, while [−syllabic] designates all consonants (including glides). [± consonantal] Consonantal segments
Distinctive_feature
Austroasiatic language spoken in the Nicobar Islands, India
and pronouns. The alveolar flap can typically be pre-stopped. Before a voiceless consonant, its pre-articulation is voiceless as [ᵗɾ], and elsewhere it
Car_language
Description of producing a sound
as in [ɡ˖] and [y˗]. Both vowels and consonants may be fronted or backed. In verbal description, the prefix pre- may be used to indicate fronting, especially
Relative_articulation
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨ʑ⟩ in IPA
A voiced alveolo-palatal sibilant fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet
Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative
Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative
Reconstructed predecessor of Basque
Joseba Lakarra proposes that in Pre-Proto-Basque there was extensive reduplication and that later, certain initial consonants were deleted, leaving the VCV
Proto-Basque_language
Consonantal sound
more precisely a velar-released or uvular-released click, is a click consonant found in paralinguistic use in languages across Africa, such as Wolof
Back-released_click
Consonantal sound represented by ⟨𝼆⟩ or ⟨ʎ̝̊⟩ in IPA
A voiceless palatal lateral fricative is a type of consonantal sound, used in a few spoken languages. This sound is somewhat rare; Dahalo has both a palatal
Voiceless palatal lateral fricative
Voiceless_palatal_lateral_fricative
Language family native to Eurasia
the Germanic sound shift changed the realization of all stop consonants, with each consonant shifting to a different one: *bʰ → *b → *p → *f *dʰ → *d
Indo-European_languages
Native alphabet of the Korean language
Korean consonants are broadly categorized into two categories: obstruents: sounds produced when airflow either completely stops (i.e. a plosive consonant) or
Hangul
Phonology of the Vietnamese language
delimiters. The phonology of Vietnamese features 19 consonant phonemes, with 5 additional consonant phonemes used in Vietnamese's Southern dialect, and
Vietnamese_phonology
phonemic) consonants that are assumed for Classical Latin. Latin may have had the labialized velar stops /kʷ/ and /ɡʷ/ as opposed to the stop + semivowel
Latin phonology and orthography
Latin_phonology_and_orthography
Austroasiatic language
Judith M (1976). "An Examination of the Vowels and final Consonants in Correspondences between pre-Angkor and modern Khmer" (PDF). Pacific Linguistics. 42
Khmer_language
Digraph representing a sound that has changed
when blowing out a candle. In some accents, /ʍ/ is a consonant cluster [hw̥], which involves a pre-aspiration of [w̥]. In some Scottish dialects, this
Pronunciation_of_English_⟨wh⟩
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PRE STOPPED-CONSONANT
PRE STOPPED-CONSONANT
PRE STOPPED-CONSONANT
PRE STOPPED-CONSONANT
PRE STOPPED-CONSONANT
PRE STOPPED-CONSONANT
PRE STOPPED-CONSONANT
PRE STOPPED-CONSONANT
PRE STOPPED-CONSONANT
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