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Electoral system used in some cities and states
Ranked-choice voting (RCV) can refer to one of several ranked voting methods used in some cities and states in the United States. The term refers to the
Ranked-choice voting in the United States
Ranked-choice_voting_in_the_United_States
Index of articles associated with the same name
Ranked-choice voting may be used as a synonym for: Ranked voting, a term used for any voting system in which voters are asked to rank candidates in order
Ranked-choice_voting
Voting systems that use ranked ballots
Ranked voting is any voting system that uses voters' rankings of candidates to choose a single winner or multiple winners. More formally, a ranked vote
Ranked_voting
Multi-winner electoral system
The single transferable vote (STV) or proportional-ranked choice voting (P-RCV), also known as PR-STV and "proportional representation by means of the
Single_transferable_vote
Single-winner ranked-voting electoral system
time. The contingent vote election system also is similar to other ranked-vote systems. Unlike the contingent vote, other ranked-vote systems – such as single
Contingent_vote
Single-winner ranked-choice electoral system
Instant-runoff voting (IRV; US/CA: ranked-choice voting (RCV), AU: preferential voting, UK/NZ: alternative vote) is a single-winner ranked voting election system
Instant-runoff_voting
Referendum on instant-runoff voting
who lost reelection by ranked choice voting to Jared Golden in 2018. Supporters of the proposal, led by Ranked Choice Voting Maine, contend that it will
2016_Maine_Question_5
2024 referendum
Ranked Choice Voting System". Bolts. Retrieved September 30, 2024. Grove, Casey (November 6, 2024). "Effort to repeal Alaska's ranked choice voting still
2024_Alaska_Ballot_Measure_2
initiatives to enact ranked choice voting in 2020 include the Alaska Ballot Measure 2. Ranked choice voting is a voting system where voters can rank multiple candidates
2020_Massachusetts_Question_2
adopted ranked-choice voting, it is only used for primary and federal general elections. Therefore, the primary was conducted with ranked-choice voting, and
2026 Maine gubernatorial election
2026_Maine_gubernatorial_election
Election result affecting losing candidate
to spoilers. And so, to a degree, are instant-runoff voting (often called ranked-choice voting (RCV) in the US) and the two-round system (TRS). Majority-rule
Spoiler_effect
Nonpartisan blanket primary
keep ranked choice voting, Begich defeats Peltola, unofficial results show". Alaska Beacon. Retrieved 2024-12-11. "Campaigns for ranked-choice voting ballot
Top-four_primary
American deputy sheriff and politician
the Republican primary. Scott Cyrway opposes ranked choice voting. "Scott Cyrway's Biography". Project Vote Smart. Retrieved April 19, 2015. "Congratulations
Scott_Cyrway
2024 Washington, D.C., ballot measure
voter-approved ballot initiative in Washington, D.C., that would permit ranked-choice voting and open the primary elections to independent voters. It allows voters
Initiative_83
U.S. electoral reform organization
Approval Voting Initiative and Ranked-Choice Voting Measure (November 2022)". Ballotpedia. Retrieved September 13, 2023. "Ranked choice voting | NYC Board
FairVote
Principle that voting for a candidate should help them
the use of instant-runoff (often called ranked-choice voting in the United States). In instant-runoff voting, a no-show paradox can occur even in elections
Participation_criterion
2026 referendum
that will be voted on in the November 3, 2026, general election. If enacted, it will repeal Alaska's electoral system of ranked-choice voting, nonpartisan
2026_Alaska_Measure_2
Efforts to change electoral systems
generally in staggered terms in FPTP elections, although some states use ranked-choice voting, jungle primaries, or runoff elections. US House seats must be reapportioned
Electoral reform in the United States
Electoral_reform_in_the_United_States
congresswoman Mary Peltola. The election will be conducted under ranked-choice voting. A nonpartisan primary election was held on August 18 to determine
2026 United States Senate election in Alaska
2026_United_States_Senate_election_in_Alaska
Selection of the Democratic Party nominee
eye ranked-choice voting for primaries". Axios. Retrieved November 24, 2025. Volić, Ismar; Schultz, Andy; McCune, David (December 8, 2025). "Ranked choice
2028 Democratic Party presidential primaries
2028_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries
Criterion that prevents lesser-evil voting
ranked voting systems fail this criterion. Lesser-evil-voting is particularly prevalent in plurality-based voting systems like ranked choice voting (RCV)
Sincere_favorite_criterion
Spoiler effect in RCV and two-round systems
"Ranked Choice Voting". FairVote. Retrieved 22 July 2024. "Avoid Vote-Splitting and Weak Plurality Results". RCV Resources. Ranked Choice Voting Resource
Center_squeeze
Pairwise-comparison electoral system
pre-election polls are most necessary with plurality voting, and that voters, armed with ranked choice voting, could lie to pre-election pollsters, making it
Condorcet_method
Multi-winner electoral system in the United States
Above/below the line voting STV MMP Multiple states ban ranked-choice voting for local elections, which prevents the use of single transferable vote (STV), but
Proportional representation in the United States
Proportional_representation_in_the_United_States
American grassroots organization
to Alaska ranked-choice voting ballot measure". Anchorage Daily News. Dan Sheehan (September 23, 2020). "Question 2: Ranked-Choice voting, explained"
Unite_America
Individual voter's first choice
candidate. In certain ranked systems such as first preference plurality, ranked-choice voting (RCV), and the single transferable vote, first preferences
First-preference_vote
top-four primary, and implement a ranked-choice voting system for the general election to replace the current plurality voting system. This would apply to congressional
2024_Idaho_Proposition_1
US political parties other than the two major parties
implement, ranked choice voting. As of March 2026, ranked-choice voting has also been banned in nineteen states. Complexity, cost, difficulty of voting, and
Third_party_(U.S._politics)
Electoral systems with independent candidate ratings
everybody below it. Ranked voting, the other class of voting methods Plurality voting, the degenerate case of ranked-choice voting Arrow's impossibility
Rated_voting
Mayor of San Francisco since 2025
local government. San Francisco mayoral elections use a ranked-choice voting system where voters rank candidates based on their order of preference. The election
Daniel_Lurie
Voting system
also includes single-round plurality (FPP). Like instant-runoff (ranked-choice) voting and first past the post, it elects one winner. The two-round system
Two-round_system
American political party
primaries, independent redistricting commissions, ranked-choice voting, STAR voting, and approval voting. After the Democratic loss in the 2024 United States
Forward_Party_(United_States)
Method by which voters make a choice between options
Missouri, which banned ranked-choice voting (RCV), was approved. Voters rejected ballot measures to enact ranked-choice voting and other electoral system
Electoral_system
American non-profit organization
released a report titled "The Impact of Ranked Choice Voting on Representation" that tracked how ranked choice voting (RCV) impacted the descriptive representation
RepresentWomen
Independent agency administering elections in Washington, D.C.
Ethics. In 2024, District voters approved Initiative 83, establishing ranked-choice voting for certain elections. The Board was tasked with implementing the
District of Columbia Board of Elections
District_of_Columbia_Board_of_Elections
American political scientist
legislatures, etc.) and fusion voting for inherently single-winner races (the presidency, governors, etc.) instead of ranked-choice voting. Despite opposing the
Lee_Drutman
Retrieved May 15, 2026. "Alaska Ballot Measure 2, Repeal Top-Four Ranked-Choice Voting Initiative (2024)". Retrieved May 15, 2026. "Arizona Proposition
2024 United States ballot measures
2024_United_States_ballot_measures
2024 referendum
Constitution of Missouri to prohibit ranked-choice voting and affirm the state ban on non-citizen voting. The initiative's vote was held on November 5, 2024 and
2024_Missouri_Amendment_7
TEGNA. "Ranked choice voting delayed until 2021".[permanent dead link] "Voters will decide in June whether Maine keeps its ranked-choice voting law". Portland
2018 Maine gubernatorial election
2018_Maine_gubernatorial_election
Ranked Choice Voting Act as a solution to gerrymandering and other representational issues caused by districting. The RCVA was developed by FairVote,
Citizen_Equality_Act_of_2017
Green Party. The election is the first D.C. mayoral election to use ranked-choice voting, following the approval of Initiative 83 in 2024. Janeese Lewis George
2026 Washington, D.C., mayoral election
2026_Washington,_D.C.,_mayoral_election
Place
2021). "How Does Ranked Choice Voting Work in New York City?". The City. Retrieved June 14, 2021. "2021 Primary Official Ranked Choice Rounds, DEM Council
New York City's 3rd City Council district
New_York_City's_3rd_City_Council_district
instant-runoff voting, also known as ranked choice voting, in its mayoral elections. Voters are allowed to rank up to three candidates on their ranked choice ballots
2025 Minneapolis mayoral election
2025_Minneapolis_mayoral_election
Municipal elections in Irvine, California
will decide on Measure D, a proposed charter amendment to adopt ranked-choice voting for city elections. Municipal elections in California are officially
2026_Irvine_elections
Burlington to use ranked-choice voting after its revival, although Brandt won an outright majority of 55% in the first round and no ranked-choice tabulation
Burlington City Council (Vermont)
Burlington_City_Council_(Vermont)
cast more than one vote for a candidate) ranked (preferential voting; ordinal voting) (allows vote transfers) score (cardinal voting) Decision rule No
List_of_electoral_systems
Single-winner electoral system
(/ˈʃʊltsə/), also known as the beatpath method, is a single winner ranked-choice voting rule developed by Markus Schulze. The Schulze method is a Condorcet
Schulze_method
American politician (born 1977)
Palin, Cotton blasted the ranked-choice voting system that Alaska used to conduct its election, writing: "60% of Alaska voters voted for a Republican, but
Tom_Cotton
Ballot measure in Colorado regarding ranked-choice voting
of ranked choice voting in Colorado. Specifically, the law requires that at least 12 communities of various required sizes adopt ranked choice voting at
2024_Colorado_Proposition_131
petitions for people's veto of ranked choice voting law". www.maine.gov. Retrieved 2020-09-19. "Ranked-choice voting people's veto effort found valid
Elections_in_Maine
conducted with ranked-choice voting. Voting for U.S. president will continue to utilize primaries based on political party, but ranked-choice voting will still
2020_Alaska_Measure_2
Single-winner ranked-choice voting system
In voting systems, the minimax Condorcet method is a single-winner ranked-choice voting method that always elects the majority (Condorcet) winner. Minimax
Minimax_Condorcet_method
U.S. state electoral reform
"Ranked Choice Voting" there. In 2006, Oakland, California passed Measure O, adopting instant runoff voting. In 2006, the city council of Davis voted 3–2
Electoral reform in California
Electoral_reform_in_California
election took place on June 24, 2025. Voters ranked up to five candidates using ranked-choice voting. The early voting period began on June 14. Incumbent mayor
2025 New York City Democratic mayoral primary
2025_New_York_City_Democratic_mayoral_primary
people's veto was passed, with 53.88% of Maine voters voting Yes. This restored ranked choice voting for primary and federal elections. On November 8, 2016
June_2018_Maine_Question_1
Bill of the United States Congress
district having 3 to 5 members Require the use of ranked choice voting, in particular single transferable vote, to elect members to the House The Fair Representation
Fair Representation Act (United States)
Fair_Representation_Act_(United_States)
Senate president Troy Jackson. The election will be conducted with ranked-choice voting. In the June 9 primaries, Collins was the only candidate to qualify
2026 United States Senate election in Maine
2026_United_States_Senate_election_in_Maine
Alaska's new ranked-choice voting (RCV) method, approved by voters in 2020. The winners of the top-four blanket primary advanced to the ranked-choice runoff
2022 Alaska's at-large congressional district special election
2022_Alaska's_at-large_congressional_district_special_election
Elections in the U.S. state of Alaska in 2026
A ranked-choice general election will be held in the U.S. state of Alaska on November 3, 2026. Nonpartisan top-four primary elections were held on Aug
2026_Alaska_elections
US Election
place on June 16. This will be the first council election to use ranked-choice voting following the implementation of Initiative 83. A special election
2026 Council of the District of Columbia election
2026_Council_of_the_District_of_Columbia_election
early voting period beginning on June 14. In New York City, primaries are held using ranked-choice voting, also known as instant-runoff voting. In March
2025 New York City mayoral election
2025_New_York_City_mayoral_election
2021. Rather than the plurality voting of previous primaries, the elections were the first to use ranked-choice voting. Sliwa, founder of Guardian Angels
2021 New York City mayoral election
2021_New_York_City_mayoral_election
Supervisors were up for election. The election was conducted with ranked-choice voting. Incumbent Supervisor Connie Chan ran for reelection. The district
2024 San Francisco Board of Supervisors election
2024_San_Francisco_Board_of_Supervisors_election
American politician (born 1973)
upset. It was the first election to take place under the state's new ranked-choice voting system. Peltola was the first Alaska Native member of Congress, first
Mary_Peltola
2020 Alaska Measure 2, the race was conducted using the state's ranked-choice voting procedures. Eleven candidates challenged Peltola in the August all-party
2024 United States House of Representatives election in Alaska
2024_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Alaska
Alaska in the House since 1972. The race will be conducted using ranked-choice voting. The four candidates to advance from the August 18 nonpartisan primary
2026 United States House of Representatives election in Alaska
2026_United_States_House_of_Representatives_election_in_Alaska
Conservative free-market think tank
(July 31, 2020). "Anti-Ranked-Choice Campaign Defends Status Quo". Reason. Retrieved 27 August 2020. "Eliminating Ranked-choice Voting". Maine Policy Institute
Maine_Policy_Institute
American municipal election in Vermont
election since the city's 2005 change to instant-runoff voting (IRV), also known as ranked-choice voting (RCV), after the 2006 mayoral election. In the 2009
2009 Burlington, Vermont mayoral election
2009_Burlington,_Vermont_mayoral_election
ballots and declare ranked-choice voting unconstitutional. Poliquin's request for an injunction to halt the ranked-choice voting process was rejected
2018 United States House of Representatives elections in Maine
2018_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Maine
Study of rational collective decision-making
Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem proves a stronger result for ranked-choice voting systems, showing that no such voting rule can be sincere (i.e. free of reversed preferences)
Social_choice_theory
American politician (born 1976)
retardants. In 2017, Pingree became a prominent advocate for Maine's ranked-choice voting law, writing op-eds opposing legislative efforts to repeal the citizen-initiated
Hannah_Pingree
Governor of Tennessee since 2019
conservative. As governor, he has signed bills to ban mask mandates and ranked-choice voting; implemented one of the country's strictest abortion bans; allowed
Bill Lee (Tennessee politician)
Bill_Lee_(Tennessee_politician)
American political activist
public office, but listed Westbrook as a candidate who supports Ranked Choice Voting. Westbrook, Liguori, and Marquez lost the election. The election
Brianna_Westbrook
American politician and veteran (born 1982)
Chellie Pingree, were the first members of Congress to be elected by ranked-choice voting. He is the only representative to win after initially placing second
Jared_Golden
U.S. state electoral reform
change the voting and election laws in the United States state of Florida. Voters in Sarasota, Florida voted to switch to ranked-choice voting in November
Electoral_reform_in_Florida
Mayor of New York City since 2026
by ranked choice voting, particularly because he and third-favored candidate Brad Lander cross-endorsed each other by asking their voters to rank the
Zohran_Mamdani
Index of articles associated with the same name
voting (often called ranked-choice in the United States), first-past-the-post voting, and the two-round system. Most rated systems (like score voting
Voting_criteria
This was the first Portland mayoral election to use ranked-choice voting (Instant-runoff voting) after it was instituted by the passage of a 2022 ballot
2024 Portland, Oregon, mayoral election
2024_Portland,_Oregon,_mayoral_election
Political party in United States
a recorded vote on every bill in committee"). It also supported alternative voting systems, for instance proposing "ranked choice voting" as a "potential
Common Sense Party of California
Common_Sense_Party_of_California
Self-contradiction of majority rule
In social choice theory, Condorcet's voting paradox (also called Condorcet's paradox or the Condorcet paradox) is a fundamental discovery by the Marquis
Condorcet_paradox
to decide adoption of ranked-choice voting". Statesman Journal. Retrieved October 28, 2024. "Measure 117, ranked-choice voting, explained in comics".
2024_Oregon_elections
preferential voting. IRV is known by different names in the various countries in which it is used. It is also known as the 'Alternative Vote', 'Ranked Choice Voting'
History and use of instant-runoff voting
History_and_use_of_instant-runoff_voting
Type of state election
The top 4 candidates will advance to a general election that uses ranked-choice voting. It is used for all state and federal elections except for the president
Open primaries in the United States
Open_primaries_in_the_United_States
its presidential contest in the November 3 election. Maine used a ranked choice voting system in the 2020 U.S. Senate election, as established by a 2016
2020 United States Senate election in Maine
2020_United_States_Senate_election_in_Maine
Politics and government
Lesser-evil voting is a common strategy in plurality-based systems like first-past-the-post and ranked-choice voting (RCV), but not approval or score voting. The
Lesser-evil_voting
Attempts to change the way the U.S. president and vice president are elected
or misalignment between state and federal laws.[2] Ranked choice voting (RCV) allows voters to rank their candidates in order of preference and some argue
Efforts to reform the United States Electoral College
Efforts_to_reform_the_United_States_Electoral_College
American actress and producer (born 1990)
(June 5, 2018). "Jennifer Lawrence urges Mainers to vote Yes to protect ranked choice voting". FairVote. Archived from the original on October 16, 2020.
Jennifer_Lawrence
American state politics
agent, causing protests. Maine is the first state to have introduced ranked-choice voting in federal elections. Party registration by Maine county (October
Politics_of_Maine
Single-winner electoral system
voting ... Originally, Schlichenmeyer and a group called St. Louisans for Ranked Choice Voting were pursuing ranked choice, or instant runoff, voting
Unified_primary
6, 2025. Otterbein, Holly (November 23, 2025). "Scoop: Dems eye ranked-choice voting for primaries". Axios (website). Retrieved November 23, 2025. Epstein
Timeline of the 2028 United States presidential election
Timeline_of_the_2028_United_States_presidential_election
Mayor of New York City from 2022 to 2025
mayor of New York City after winning a crowded primary that used ranked-choice voting. In the general election, Adams won a landslide victory over Republican
Eric_Adams
Top-two primary election
primary. The top 4 candidates advance to a general election that uses ranked-choice voting. It is used for all state and federal elections except for the president
Nonpartisan_primary
Category of mathematical proof
exhibited. In social choice theory, Arrow's impossibility theorem shows that it is impossible to devise a ranked-choice voting system that is both non-dictatorial
Proof_of_impossibility
the traditional primary system and first-past-the-post voting with top-five ranked-choice voting statewide, though they will need to confirm the measure
2022_United_States_elections
Alaska's three votes in the Electoral College. This was the first presidential election following the state's adoption of ranked-choice voting for all statewide
2024 United States presidential election in Alaska
2024_United_States_presidential_election_in_Alaska
American politician (born 1985)
by allowing voters to rank their preferred candidates when they voted the first time. He has also stated that ranked-choice voting would save millions of
Chase_Oliver
Political slogan
constitutionality of Maine's use of ranked-choice voting, stating that "'one person, one vote' does not stand in opposition to ranked voting so long as all electors
One_man,_one_vote
support from various political parties. The election was held using ranked-choice voting. This district consists of the Richmond District. Incumbent supervisor
2008 San Francisco Board of Supervisors election
2008_San_Francisco_Board_of_Supervisors_election
allow for ranked-choice voting in city elections East Lansing, Michigan Ranked-Choice Voting Amendment, which would legalize ranked-choice voting in city
2023 United States ballot measures
2023_United_States_ballot_measures
– Ranked-choice voting". San Francisco Department of Elections. November 24, 2010. Retrieved December 24, 2010. "District 6 – Ranked-choice voting". San
2010 San Francisco Board of Supervisors election
2010_San_Francisco_Board_of_Supervisors_election
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