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Politics and government
Lesser-evil voting (LEV) refers to a kind of strategic voting where a voter supports a less-preferred candidate in an election (the "lesser evil") rather
Lesser-evil_voting
Guiding principle for a moral dilemma
should be chosen. The principle is most often invoked in reference to lesser evil voting, a binary political choice under systems that make it impossible to
Lesser_of_two_evils_principle
Criterion that prevents lesser-evil voting
having to engage in lesser-evil voting or a strategy called "decapitation" (removing the "head" off a ballot). Most rated voting systems satisfy the criterion
Sincere_favorite_criterion
Plurality voting system
single-winner voting rule. Each voter marks one candidate as their favorite, or first-preference, and the candidate with more first-preference votes than any
First-past-the-post_voting
Method to make collective decisions
decision-making procedure description. Research on herd animal voting behaviours show that voting can be emergent in groups as a signalling system mechanism
Voting
Choosing a candidate other than preferred to undercut a less desired one
literature are: Lesser-evil voting (sometimes called favorite betrayal) A voter ranks or rates a candidate they dislike – a lesser evil – higher in the
Strategic_voting
Practice of requiring all eligible citizens to register and vote in elections
Compulsory voting, also called universal civic duty voting or mandatory voting, is the requirement that registered voters participate in an election.
Compulsory_voting
Vote cast in an election as a form of political protest
voting takes a variety of forms and reflects numerous voter motivations, including political apathy. Where voting is compulsory, casting a blank vote
Protest_vote
Decision rule used for minimizing the possible loss for a worst-case scenario
used on ordinal data, and can be more transparent. The concept of "lesser evil" voting (LEV) can be seen as a form of the minimax strategy where voters
Minimax
Anonymous voting method
This box is later emptied for counting. An aspect of secret voting is the provision of a voting booth to enable the voter to write on the ballot paper without
Secret_ballot
Refusal to vote during an election
be better off not voting in order to make a visible protest—but this is a tactical not a moral consideration. Voting would not be evil but, in such a case
Abstention
Invalid ballot that is not counted
In voting, a ballot is not included in the vote count if a law declares or an election authority determines that it is spoilt (chiefly British), spoiled
Spoilt_vote
Voting, election, ballot papers, distributed to electors or returned by post, mail
Postal voting is voting in an election where ballot papers are distributed to electors (and typically returned) by post, in contrast to electors voting in
Postal_voting
Place where voters cast their ballots in elections
Voting booths A voting booth or polling booth (in British English) is a room or cabin in a polling station where voters are able to cast their vote in
Polling_station
Form of electoral fraud
Family voting is a form of electoral fraud, where family members enter a voting booth together and collude, discuss, or direct voting intentions. Family
Family_voting
Subdivision of an electoral district
A precinct or voting district (U.S. terms), polling district (UK term) or polling division (Canadian term), is a subdivision of an electoral district,
Electoral_precinct
Type of voting by election mechanism
Electronic voting is voting that uses electronic means to either aid or handle casting and counting ballots including voting time. Depending on the particular
Electronic_voting
Marker to prevent double voting
July 7). The Ink To Prevent Double Voting. https://www.khmertimeskh.com/501320642/video-the-ink-to-prevent-double-voting/ Khmer Times. (2023, July 6). Gov't
Election_ink
Voting practice supporting one party
dictionary. In political science, straight-ticket voting or straight-party voting refers to the practice of voting for every candidate that a political party
Straight-ticket_voting
Requirement, and process, of a person's enrollment in order to vote in elections
means right to vote while "stemmeplikt" means that voting is compulsory. Peru: voting is obligatory "Requirements for Registration". Vote For Us. 6 November
Voter_registration
Electoral or law making voting system
Weighted voting are voting rules that grant some voters a greater influence than others (which contrasts with rules that assign every voter an equal vote). Such
Weighted_voting
Document used to cast votes in an election
ballot is a device used to cast votes in an election and may be found as a piece of paper or a small ball used in voting. It was originally a small ball
Ballot
List of persons who are eligible to vote in a particular electoral district
entitlement to vote before being permitted to vote. Electoral rolls and voter registration serve a number of functions, especially to streamline voting on election
Electoral_roll
Lying about which of two candidates is preferred
insincere voting, and can even satisfy the sincere favorite criterion (which means voters are never forced to choose between the lesser of two evils). Politics
Insincere_voting
Mixed electoral system with compensation
The alternative vote plus (AV+), or alternative vote top-up, is a semi-proportional voting system. AV+ was devised by the 1998 Jenkins Commission which
Alternative_vote_plus
Illegal campaign method
candidates. Voters may be given money or other rewards for voting in a particular way, or not voting. In some jurisdictions, the offer or giving of other rewards
Vote_buying
Voting method in which voters vote openly
An open ballot system is a voting method in which voters vote openly, in contrast to a secret ballot, where a voter's choices are confidential. The open
Open_ballot_system
Multi-winner electoral system
ticket voting. In Ireland and Malta, surplus votes are transferred as whole votes (there may be some randomness) and neither allows ticket voting. In Hare–Clark
Single_transferable_vote
Single-winner electoral system
runoff voting (SRV). The runoff step was introduced in an attempt to reduce strategic incentives in ordinary score voting, such as bullet voting and tactical
STAR_voting
Voting systems that use ranked ballots
Ranked voting is any voting system that uses voters' rankings of candidates to choose a single winner or multiple winners. More formally, a ranked vote system
Ranked_voting
Method of vote rigging
Carousel voting (in Russian карусель (karusel, "carousel")) is a method of vote rigging in elections, used particularly in Russia and Serbia, whereby "busloads
Carousel_voting
Voting for candidates of different parties
straight-ticket voting, where a voter chooses candidates from the same political party for every office up for election. Split-ticket voting can occur in
Split-ticket_voting
Voter behaviour
Issue voting is often contrasted with party voting. A 2010 University of California, Davis study found that voters switch between issue voting and party
Issue_voting
Multiple-winner electoral system
variant of block voting. Under both cumulative voting and block voting, a voter casts multiple votes but in the case of cumulative voting, can lump them
Cumulative_voting
Single-winner ranked-choice electoral system
Instant-runoff voting (IRV; US/CA: ranked-choice voting (RCV), AU: preferential voting, UK/NZ: alternative vote) is a single-winner ranked voting election system
Instant-runoff_voting
Selection of decision-makers by random sample
voters to study and vote on a public policy, while Deliberative opinion polling invites a random sample to deliberate together before voting on a policy. Andranik
Sortition
Ballot cast requiring further verification of voter's eligibility
the original on Nov 8, 2006. Retrieved May 10, 2022. Provisional Voting: Fail-Safe Voting or Trapdoor to Disenfranchisement Archived 2008-10-22 at the Wayback
Provisional_ballot
Representative subdivisions
magnitude of 1 mostly use plurality voting in single-member districts (first-past-the-post voting) but instant-runoff voting or the two-round system is used
Electoral_district
Voting system that makes outcomes proportional to vote totals
inclusive voting procedures Election districts voting improves PR with overlapping districts elections for first-past-the-post, alternative-vote, and
Proportional_representation
Tendency for a popular candidate to attract votes for other candidates of the same party
box at the top, which encouraged straight-party voting and the coattails effect. Straight-party voting was the norm, and winners in presidential elections
Coattail_effect
Aggregate of individual attitudes or beliefs held by the adult population
opinion, or popular opinion, is the collective opinion on a specific topic or voting intention relevant to society. It is the people's views on matters affecting
Public_opinion
Method by which voters make a choice between options
plurality block voting may elect members of just one party so may be considered winner-take-all. In party block voting, voters can only vote for the list
Electoral_system
Mass abstention by a group of voters during an election
compulsory voting, a boycott may amount to an act of civil disobedience; alternatively, supporters of the boycott may be able to cast blank votes or vote for
Election_boycott
Laws requiring proof of identity to vote
ID was required by 176 countries or jurisdictions for voting as of 2021. In Argentina, voting is compulsory for all citizens between 18 and 70 years
Voter_identification_laws
Process by which electors can vote prior to the scheduled election day
Early voting, also called advance polling or pre-poll voting, is a convenience voting process by which voters in a public election can vote before a scheduled
Early_voting
Electoral list strategy
that candidate to receive votes on multiple party lines in the same election. Electoral fusion is also known as fusion voting, cross endorsement, multiple
Electoral fusion in the United States
Electoral_fusion_in_the_United_States
Paradox of the expected benefit of voting
The paradox of voting, also called Downs' paradox, is that for a rational and egoistic voter (Homo economicus), the costs of voting will normally exceed
Paradox_of_voting
Single-winner rated voting system
Score voting, sometimes called range voting, is an electoral system for single-seat elections. Voters give each candidate a numerical score, and the candidate
Score_voting
Election result affecting losing candidate
severity of spoiler effects depends substantially on the voting method. First-past-the-post voting, especially if without winnowing or primary elections[citation
Spoiler_effect
Voting, election, ballot papers, voted other than at an assigned polling place, mail
Early voting overlaps with absentee voting. Early voting includes votes cast before the official election day(s), by mail, online or in-person at voting centers
Absentee_ballot
Voting system
on to a second election (a second round of voting). The two-round system is in the family of plurality voting systems that also includes single-round plurality
Two-round_system
Electoral district with one representative in a legislature
sizeable minority (or even a majority, in the case of plurality voting) of the electorate votes for candidates from other parties. This enables political parties
Single-member_district
United States federal law
After Congress enacted the Voting Rights Act of 1965 to address rampant voting discrimination against racial minorities, voting rights advocates argued for
National Voter Registration Act of 1993
National_Voter_Registration_Act_of_1993
Topics referred to by the same term
Lunar Excursion Vehicle, an early name for the Apollo Lunar Module Lesser evil voting (LEV) Lev (political party), a now-defunct political party in Israel
Lev
Single-winner ranked-voting electoral system
other ranked-vote systems – such as single transferable voting (STV), instant-runoff voting (IRV), Coombs' method, and Baldwin's method – allow for many
Contingent_vote
Single-winner electoral system
Approval voting is a single-winner rated voting system where voters approve of any number of candidates named on a ballot, and the candidate with the most
Approval_voting
single non-transferable vote and cumulative voting have also been used since the late 20th century to correct for dilution of voting power and enable minorities
Voting rights in the United States
Voting_rights_in_the_United_States
Indifference towards politics
from the voting process. Additional causes of political apathy include: being uncomfortable with the possible choices and the lesser of two evils principle
Political_apathy
Proposed governance system based on election votes
received 25,000 votes would have had more voting power than two legislators who received 12,000 votes apiece. A majority of all the votes cast at the preceding
Interactive_representation
Self-contradiction of majority rule
to be voted for. One important implication of the possible existence of the voting paradox in a practical situation is that in a paired voting process
Condorcet_paradox
Type of cast ballot in ranked voting
donkeywise. Donkey votes are most common where preference voting is combined with compulsory voting, such as in Australia, particularly where all candidates
Donkey_vote
Ballot option to not vote for any candidate
"scratch" vote, is a ballot option in some jurisdictions or organizations, designed to allow the voter to indicate disapproval of the candidates in a voting system
None_of_the_above
Cause of lower voter participation
of voting can also be confusing or challenging. In the U.S., the Cost of Voting Index estimates how difficult it is to vote (and register to vote) in
Voter_fatigue
When two people commit to voting in a mutually agreed way
criticized vote pairing schemes, stating that the campaign's position on vote pairing is that it is a failed strategy because voting for the "lesser evil" had
Vote_swapping
Type of multi-winner plurality/majority electoral system
where the voting system allows for the selection of multiple winners at once. Block voting falls under the multiple non-transferable vote category, a
Block_voting
Type of electoral system
required. Under single-winner plurality voting, in systems based on single-member districts, plurality voting is called single member [district] plurality
Plurality_voting
Electoral systems with independent candidate ratings
Rated, evaluative, graded, or cardinal voting rules are a class of voting methods that allow voters to state how strongly they support a candidate, by
Rated_voting
Non-proportional electoral system
non-transferable vote, and block plurality voting, is a type of block voting method for multi-winner elections. Each voter may cast as many votes as the number
Plurality_block_voting
Point-based ranked voting system
respect, it is similar to other ranked voting systems such as instant-runoff voting, the single transferable vote or Condorcet methods. The integer-valued
Borda_count
Form of voting that allows delegation
Proxy voting is a form of voting whereby a member of a decision-making body may delegate their voting power to a representative, to enable a vote in absence
Proxy_voting
Preference lists submitted by political parties
A group voting ticket (GVT) is a shortcut for voters in a preferential voting system, where a voter can indicate support for a list of candidates instead
Group_voting_ticket
Election that narrows the field of candidates before an election for office
members participated in the voting. From roughly 10,000 registered candidates, 78 were chosen via secret electronic voting from a short-list of 267. These
Primary_election
Collective decision-making procedure
Quadratic voting (QV) is a voting system that encourages voters to express their true relative intensity of preference (utility) between multiple options
Quadratic_voting
Political term
the system set up by Proposition 14, there are two rounds of voting, and the top two vote-getters for each race in the first round (the primary) advance
Write-in_candidate
Vote supporting only a single candidate
single-shot, or plump voting is when a voter supports only a single candidate, typically to show strong support for a single favorite. Every voting method that
Bullet_voting
Individual voter's first choice
Methods like Condorcet voting, rated voting, and the Borda count do not exhibit such effects. Methods like anti-plurality voting and Coombs' method have
First-preference_vote
Property of electoral systems
Plurality voting Instant-runoff voting Borda count Approval Voting Coombs' rule Bucklin voting (and the closely related median voting) Score Voting With plurality
Condorcet_winner
Way to distribute seats in a legislative body
constituency electing 37 members via optional preferential voting. This created a one-vote, one-value system. The United States Constitution guarantees
Apportionment_(politics)
Mixed electoral system
proportional representation (PR). First-past-the-post voting alongside PR is a common pairing in parallel voting, but many other combinations are possible. The
Parallel_voting
Agreement by all people in a situation
Order, a "unanimous vote" is not specifically defined, although an abstention is not counted as a vote regardless of the voting threshold. Also in this
Unanimity
Number of votes a candidate needs to win
tied candidates are competing for a lesser number of seats. The common quotas used in single transferable voting elections (Hare and Droop) are such that
Electoral_quota
which generally contains information regarding elections, place and time of voting, and contact details of the electoral commission. Each municipal administration
Voter_invitation_card
Proportional-representation electoral system
to avoid bias between large parties and small parties to avoid strategic voting. André Sainte-Laguë showed theoretically that the Sainte-Laguë method shows
Sainte-Laguë_method
Vote share required for representation
receiving first-choice votes alone or by a combination of first-choice votes and votes transferred from other candidates based on lesser preferences. It is
Electoral_threshold
Pairwise-comparison electoral system
candidates who cannot win. Opponents to plurality voting point out that voters often vote for the lesser of evils because they heard on the news that those two
Condorcet_method
Semi-proportional electoral system
The binomial system (Spanish: Sistema binominal) is a voting system that was used in the legislative elections of Chile between 1989 and 2013. The system
Binomial_voting_system
Single-winner electoral system
(/ˈʃʊltsə/), also known as the beatpath method, is a single winner ranked-choice voting rule developed by Markus Schulze. The Schulze method is a Condorcet completion
Schulze_method
Political process
reduce the number of parties since voters voting for smaller parties have a higher risk of having their votes wasted. Strong autocrats can prefer a fragmented
Political_fragmentation
Variant of party-list voting system
Party block voting (general ticket) with a closed list Côte d'Ivoire (party block voting in multi-member districts) Singapore (party block voting in multi-member
Closed_list
Process of counting votes in an election
often as needed, before casting the vote. Staff initialize each voter once on the machine, to avoid repeat voting. Voting data and ballot images are recorded
Vote_counting
English barrister (1832–1884)
voting Voting strategies Issue voting Fusion voting Public opinion Split-ticket voting Lesser-evil voting Straight-ticket voting Tactical voting Vote
Henry_Richmond_Droop
Single-winner electoral system
scores of lesser-known candidates. Unlike other score voting scales, CAV is compatible with existing voting machines that can handle voting for/against
Combined_approval_voting
Pareto efficiency implies utilitarian rule
Multiple districts paradox Strategic voting Lesser evil voting Exaggeration Truncation Turkey-raising Wasted vote Paradoxes of majority rule Tyranny of
Harsanyi's utilitarian theorem
Harsanyi's_utilitarian_theorem
Study of rational collective decision-making
parliamentary procedures for voting on laws, as well as electoral systems; as such, the field is occasionally called voting theory. It is closely related
Social_choice_theory
Single election choice which fills more than one political office or seat
be running on the party's ticket. "Straight party voting" (most common in some U.S. states) is voting for the entire party ticket, including every office
Ticket_(election)
Single-winner positional electoral system
candidate with the fewest votes against wins. Anti-plurality voting is an example of a positional voting method. Suppose Tennessee is holding an election on the
Anti-plurality_voting
Type of mixed electoral system
Germany, citizens gave only one vote, so that voting for a representative automatically meant also voting for the representative's party, which is still
Mixed-member proportional representation
Mixed-member_proportional_representation
Single-winner cardinal voting system
single-winner voting system proposed in 2010 by Michel Balinski and Rida Laraki. It is a kind of highest median rule, a cardinal voting system that elects
Majority_judgment
List of candidates for an elected position
how many seats are up, where elections are done via plurality-at-large voting. Parties and coalitions issue sample ballots to prospective voters that
Slate_(elections)
2002 book by George Tsebelis
Multiple districts paradox Strategic voting Lesser evil voting Exaggeration Truncation Turkey-raising Wasted vote Paradoxes of majority rule Tyranny of
Veto_Players
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