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in somatic genome are ciliates. The process resulting in a variation of somatic genome that differs from germline genome is called somatic genome processing
Somatic_genome_processing
Biological concept
genetic information is readily lost by somatic cells in some groups of animals through somatic genome processing. The best known example is the nematodes
Germ_plasm
Method of creating a cloned embryo by replacing the egg nucleus with a body cell nucleus
In genetics and developmental biology, somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a laboratory strategy for creating a viable embryo from a body cell and
Somatic_cell_nuclear_transfer
Suite of free genome analysis software by Nvidia
suite of free software for genome analysis developed by Nvidia, designed to deliver high throughput by using graphics processing unit (GPU) acceleration
Nvidia_Parabricks
Alteration of the DNA of a somatic cell that is inherited by its daughter cells
flowering stage of somatic plant development. Recombination frequencies were typically in the range of 10−6 to 10−7 events per genome. A. thaliana mutants
Somatic_recombination
Accumulation of mutations
Somatic evolution is the accumulation of mutations and epimutations in somatic cells (the cells of a body, as opposed to germ plasm and stem cells) during
Somatic_evolution_in_cancer
Cellular mechanism in B cells
extremely high rate of somatic mutation that is at least 105–106 fold greater than the normal rate of mutation across the genome. Variation is mainly in
Somatic_hypermutation
Biological process
cells, called gametes, which contain half the number of chromosomes of somatic cells and are created by meiosis, with typically a sperm cell fertilizing
Reproduction
Sequencing all the DNA of an individual at once
Whole genome sequencing (WGS), also known as full genome sequencing or just genome sequencing, is the process of determining the entirety of the DNA sequence
Whole_genome_sequencing
Human somatic variations are somatic mutations (mutations that occur in somatic cells) both at early stages of development and in adult cells. These variations
Human_somatic_variation
Project to catalogue genetic mutations responsible for cancer
Zhu, Ping; Smith, Peter G.; Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network; Buonamici, Silvia; Yu, Lihua (2018-04-03). "Somatic Mutational Landscape of Splicing Factor
The_Cancer_Genome_Atlas
All genetic material of an organism
genome is all the genetic information of an organism or cell. It consists of nucleotide sequences of DNA (or RNA in RNA viruses). The nuclear genome includes
Genome
Gene editing method
distinction was made between somatic cells, where the effects of edits are limited to a single individual, and germline cells, where genome changes can be inherited
CRISPR_gene_editing
Genetically modified human embryo
the UK and the U.S. The summit concluded that genome editing of somatic cells using CRISPR and other genome editing tools would be allowed to proceed under
Designer_baby
2018 scientific and bioethical controversy
States National Institutes of Health Somatic Cell Genome Editing Consortium held that it "strictly focused on somatic editing; germline editing is not only
He_Jiankui_affair
First cloned mammal (1996–2003)
was cloned from an adult somatic cell. She was cloned by associates of the Roslin Institute in Scotland, using the process of nuclear transfer from a
Dolly_(sheep)
Genetic modification fusing plants into a hybrid
planned in a similar fashion. Somatic cell fusion appears to be the only means through which two different parental genomes can be recombined among plants
Somatic_fusion
Creation of a genetically identical copy of a human
Two common methods of therapeutic cloning that are being researched are somatic-cell nuclear transfer and (more recently) pluripotent stem cell induction
Human_cloning
Number of sets of chromosomes of a cell
diploid organisms, many somatic cells are polyploid due to a process called endoreduplication, where duplication of the genome occurs without mitosis (cell
Ploidy
Tumor or other abnormal growth of tissue
Frazer KA (August 2012). "Identification of high-confidence somatic mutations in whole genome sequence of formalin-fixed breast cancer specimens". Nucleic
Neoplasm
Photographic display of total chromosome complement in a cell
organised genome rearrangement where new telomeres are constructed and certain heterochromatin regions are lost. In A. suum, all the somatic cell precursors
Karyotype
Epigenetic phenomenon
throughout the stem cell genome. Klf4 is a transcription factor used in proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and somatic cell reprogramming. When
Reprogramming
Process of producing individual organisms with identical genomes
cloning is because somatic cells can be easily acquired and cultured in the lab. This process can either add or delete specific genomes of farm animals.
Cloning
Type of mutation on somatic cell
A somatic mutation is a change in the DNA sequence of a somatic cell of a multicellular organism with dedicated reproductive cells; that is, any mutation
Somatic_mutation
pairing occurs genome-wide, with more closely associated alleles being correlated to active gene expression. The first review of somatic pairing was made
Homologous_somatic_pairing
Process of re-creating an extinct organism
are several ways to carry out the process of de-extinction. Cloning is the most widely proposed method, although genome editing and selective breeding have
De-extinction
Cells of a multicellular organism that pass on genetic material to progeny
sexually reproducing organisms, cells that are not in the germline are called somatic cells. According to this definition, mutations, recombinations and other
Germline
Haploid sex cell
contrast to a gamete, which has only one set of chromosomes, a diploid somatic cell has two sets of homologous chromosomes, one of which is a copy of
Gamete
High frequency of mutations within the genome of a cellular lineage
give rise to the 20,000 to 80,000 total genome mutations frequently seen in cancers.[citation needed] In somatic cells, deficiencies in DNA repair sometimes
Genome_instability
Methods to find sequence of bases on chromosomes
There are different techniques to visualize the gene location, including somatic cell hybridization, radiation hybridization and in situ hybridization.
Physical_mapping
Wilson, R. K., and Ding, L. (2012). "SomaticSniper: identification of somatic point mutations in whole genome sequencing data". Bioinformatics. 28 (3):
SNV_calling_from_NGS_data
by aligning the reads to the human reference genome. Since even non-cancerous cells accumulate somatic mutations, it is necessary to compare sequence
Cancer_genome_sequencing
Duplication of a gene sequence within a genome
cancer. In such cases the genetic duplication occurs in a somatic cell and affects only the genome of the cancer cells themselves, not the entire organism
Gene_duplication
Science of genes, heredity and variation
less expensive, researchers have sequenced the genomes of many organisms using a process called genome assembly, which uses computational tools to stitch
Genetics
Online biology database
Of Somatic Mutations In Cancer, curates data from papers in the scientific literature and large scale experimental screens from the Cancer Genome Project
COSMIC_cancer_database
Scientific hypothesis about inheritance
century, experimental results in the fields of epigenetics, genetics, and somatic hypermutation demonstrated the possibility of transgenerational epigenetic
Lamarckism
Presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell
presence of an abnormal number of chromosomes in a cell, for example a human somatic cell having 45 or 47 chromosomes instead of the usual 46. It does not include
Aneuploidy
Condition where cells have more than two sets of chromosomes
to induce sterility. Rarely, autopolyploids arise from spontaneous, somatic genome doubling, which has been observed in apple (Malus domesticus) bud sports
Polyploidy
Species of single-celled organism
some other ciliates, C. uncinata contains millions of minichromosomes (somatic chromosomes) in its macronucleus while its micronucleus is estimated to
Chilodonella_uncinata
Type of protein
enzymatic reaction catalyzed by ADAR. This process effectively changes the RNA sequence from that encoded by the genome and extends the diversity of the gene
RNA-binding_protein
DNA located in mitochondria
Endosymbiotic gene transfer, the process by which genes that were coded in the mitochondrial genome are transferred to the cell's main genome, likely explains why
Mitochondrial_DNA
detection of germline mutations, but may be less successful in detecting somatic minor alleles at low frequencies (mosaicism). Therefore, other non-sequencing
Surveyor_nuclease_assay
British genomics research institute
catalogue of somatic mutations in cancer DECIPHER, a database of chromosomal imbalance and phenotype in humans, using Ensembl resources Ensembl, a genome browser
Wellcome_Sanger_Institute
The Cancer Genome Project is part of the cancer, aging, and somatic mutation research based at the Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute in the United Kingdom
Cancer_Genome_Project
Chinese-American computational biologist
cancer genome sequencing projects including those of the TCGA and the 1000 Genomes Project. Related tools co-developed by Chen include SomaticSniper and
Ken Chen (computational biologist)
Ken_Chen_(computational_biologist)
Basic unit of life forms
(2): 135–142. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2012.07.005. PMID 22796299. "Somatic Cells". www.genome.gov. Retrieved 19 September 2025. "More on Eukaryote Morphology"
Cell_(biology)
Distinction between germ cell lineages producing gametes and somatic cells
to somatic cells. This means that new information from somatic mutation is not passed on to the germline. This barrier concept implies that somatic mutations
Weismann_barrier
Classification of wheat
from the father (2n=2x=14, where 2n is the number of chromosomes in each somatic cell, and x is the basic chromosome number). The polyploid wheats are tetraploid
Taxonomy_of_wheat
Alteration in the nucleotide sequence of a genome
check the genome for accuracy. This error-prone process often results in mutations. The rate of de novo mutations, whether germline or somatic, vary among
Mutation
Enzyme that creates mutations in DNA
a member of the cytidine deaminase family. The protein is involved in somatic hypermutation, gene conversion, and class-switch recombination of immunoglobulin
Activation-induced cytidine deaminase
Activation-induced_cytidine_deaminase
Explanation of the flow of genetic information within a biological system
gametes and the "disposable" somatic cells. Hereditary information moves only from germline cells to somatic cells (that is, somatic mutations are not inherited)
Central dogma of molecular biology
Central_dogma_of_molecular_biology
Genes that encode genome-stabilizing products
Caretaker genes encode products that stabilize the genome. Fundamentally, mutations in caretaker genes lead to genomic instability. Tumor cells arise from
Caretaker_gene
Organelle in eukaryotic cells responsible for respiration
specialised intercellular communication sites (so called somatic-junctions). Microglial processes monitor and protect neuronal functions at these sites,
Mitochondria
et al. (January 2010). "A comprehensive catalogue of somatic mutations from a human cancer genome". Nature. 463 (7278): 191–6. Bibcode:2010Natur.463..191P
Mutational_signatures
Process of editing the human genome so that the changes are inherited
Human germline engineering (HGE) is the process by which the genome of an individual is modified in such a way that the change is heritable. This is achieved
Human_germline_engineering
Ability to understand or feel what another is feeling
categories, such as cognitive empathy, emotional (or affective) empathy, somatic empathy, and spiritual empathy. Empathy is still a topic being studied
Empathy
Inherited genetic variation
engineering required to make each ZFN specific to the desired sequence. Somatic mutation Genome Editing "NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms". National Cancer Institute
Germline_mutation
Evolutionary history of Brassica genus
total number of chromosomes in each somatic cell, and how it relates to the number n of chromosomes in each full genome set (which is also the number found
Triangle_of_U
Fusion of the nuclei of two haploid eukaryotic cells
the organism's genome. In order for karyogamy to occur, the cell membrane and cytoplasm of each cell must fuse with the other in a process known as plasmogamy
Karyogamy
Efforts to revive the woolly mammoth
elephant, and replacement with a nucleus from woolly mammoth tissue, a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer. For example, Akira Iritani, at the Kyoto
Revival_of_the_woolly_mammoth
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum SNP SnRNP Sociobiology Somatic cell Somatic cells Somatic mutation Somatic mutations Somatostatin SOS box SOS repair SOS response
Index_of_genetics_articles
Mammalian protein found in humans
physiological deficits that contribute to dementia. In neurons of the human brain, somatic recombination occurs frequently in the gene that encodes APP. Neurons from
Amyloid-beta precursor protein
Amyloid-beta_precursor_protein
British-Malaysian clinician
publications Signatures of mutational processes in human cancer Landscape of somatic mutations in 560 breast cancer whole-genome sequences Massive genomic rearrangement
Serena_Nik-Zainal
Introduction of foreign genetic material into host cells
delivery is the process of introducing foreign genetic material, such as DNA or RNA, into host cells. Gene delivery must reach the genome of the host cell
Gene_delivery
Formation of cancer
carcinogenesis, the somatic mutation theory, mutations in DNA and epimutations that lead to cancer disrupt these orderly processes by interfering with
Carcinogenesis
Commercial cloning of animals
a process known as somatic cell nuclear transfer. In this process, an oocyte is taken from a surrogate mother and undergoes enucleation, a process that
Commercial_animal_cloning
Biological process
in somatic cells, and DNA methylation appears as a default state that has to be specifically excluded from defined locations. By contrast, the genome of
DNA_methylation
Manipulation of an organism's genome
the process can be used to remove, or "knock out", genes. The new DNA can either be inserted randomly or targeted to a specific part of the genome. An
Genetic_engineering
Subspecies of mammal
transfer of a somatic cell nucleus into an egg cell obtained from a domestic horse donor, Kurt and Ollie both display the mitochondrial genome of domestic
Przewalski's_horse
Model of aging as a trade-off between growth, reproduction, and DNA maintenance
aging posits that there is a trade-off in resource allocation between somatic maintenance and reproductive investment. Too low an investment in self-repair
Disposable soma theory of aging
Disposable_soma_theory_of_aging
This list of sequenced plant genomes contains plant species known to have publicly available complete genome sequences that have been assembled, annotated
List of sequenced plant genomes
List_of_sequenced_plant_genomes
Subsystem of the immune system
vertebrates. Its genome includes many building blocks of the adaptive immune system, but none of the true hallmarks such as somatic recombination. There
Adaptive_immune_system
Genetic mutation not inherited from a parent
growth and development. WGS is good for this since somatic mutations can occur anywhere in the genome, and exome sequencing alone may miss noncoding regulatory
De_novo_mutation
American biotechnology company
both induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) as well as somatic cell nuclear transfer in the process. In July 2022, VGP and Colossal announced that they successfully
Colossal_Biosciences
Group of transposable elements
to cause a variety of heritable and somatic diseases. In 2011, human L1 was reportedly discovered in the genome of the gonorrhea bacteria, evidently
LINE1
Process in developmental biology
as lineage reprogramming, is the process in which one mature somatic cell is transformed into another mature somatic cell without undergoing an intermediate
Transdifferentiation
American lawyer
continues to evolve. Clinical trials for one of the first attempts in somatic cell genome editing using CRISPR technology are for the treatment of sickle cell
Vence_L._Bonham_Jr.
Pluripotent stem cell generated directly from a somatic cell
a type of pluripotent stem cell that can be generated directly from a somatic cell. The iPSC technology was pioneered by Shinya Yamanaka and Kazutoshi
Induced_pluripotent_stem_cell
Computational analysis of large, complex sets of biological data
and signal processing allow the extraction of useful results from large amounts of raw data. It aids in sequencing and annotating genomes and their observed
Bioinformatics
Species of beetle
female somatic tissue. The somatic increase is the result of increased counts of female fat body. At 4 days, 64% of radiolabel appeared in somatic tissue
Ellychnia_corrusca
Sporadic biological phenomenon at the molecular scale
and nuclear DNA in some somatic cells. He also investigated the timing of somatic mtDNA integration into the nuclear genome by assessing cases in which
Nuclear mitochondrial DNA segment
Nuclear_mitochondrial_DNA_segment
Region of repetitive nucleotide sequences on chromosomes
Building on this, and accommodating Leonard Hayflick's idea of limited somatic cell division, Olovnikov suggested that DNA sequences are lost every time
Telomere
Region of often-methylated DNA with a cytosine followed by a guanine
frequency in the sequence of vertebrate genomes than would be expected due to random chance. For example, in the human genome, which has a 42% GC content, a pair
CpG_site
Shuffling of genetic material
Smith PD (November 1976). "Genetic controls of meiotic recombination and somatic DNA metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster". Proceedings of the National
Genetic_recombination
Open-Source Workflow Management Platform
Björn (2020). "Sarek: A portable workflow for whole-genome sequencing analysis of germline and somatic variants". F1000Research. 9: 63. doi:10.12688/f1000research
Nextflow
Study of DNA modifications that do not change its sequence
mechanism behind these changes: functionally relevant alterations to the genome that do not involve mutations in the nucleotide sequence. Examples of mechanisms
Epigenetics
Repeating segment of DNA (10-60 base pairs)
needed] Studies have revealed distinct mutation processes operating in somatic and germline cells. Somatic instability detected in blood DNA shows simple
Minisatellite
Medical technology
offspring. Somatic gene therapy represents mainstream basic and clinical research, in which therapeutic DNA (either integrated in the genome or as an external
Gene_therapy
Change in the heritable traits of populations
in a colony that are able to reproduce. On an even smaller scale, the somatic cells that make up the body of an animal limit their reproduction so they
Evolution
Genus of single-celled organisms
partitioning in the somatic genome can lead to clonal cell lines with different macronuclear phenotypes fixed for a particular trait, in a process called phenotypic
Tetrahymena
Abnormal number or structure of chromosomes
within somatic cells and are characterized by their non-heritable nature. Typically, they arise from mutations that transpire during the process of DNA
Chromosome_abnormality
Mammalian protein found in humans
been described as "the guardian of the genome" because of its role in conserving stability by preventing genome mutation. Hence TP53 is classified as a
P53
Pair of cloned sheep
were the first mammals to have been successfully cloned from an adult somatic cell and to be transgenic animals at the same time. This is not to be confused
Polly_and_Molly
Sub-field of genomics
cancer genome sequencing in identifying somatic mutations and the importance of parallel sequencing of normal and tumor cell genomes. In 2011, the genome of
Oncogenomics
Examines sequence information from individual cells
of the full spectrum of somatic structural variation classes ≥200kb in size. Strand-seq overcomes limitations of whole genome amplification based methods
Single-cell_sequencing
Malignancy that develops from epithelial cells
rate), likely give rise to the high frequency of total genome mutations seen in carcinomas. In somatic cells, deficiencies in DNA repair sometimes arise by
Carcinoma
Composite of the organism's observable characteristics or traits
organism other than its genome, however transitory: the organism's morphology (physical form and structure), its developmental processes, its biochemical and
Phenotype
already initiated the Cancer Genome Project at the Sanger Centre, as it was then known, to use genome-wide analysis to find somatic mutations in human cancers
Michael_Stratton
Free-living species of nematode
There are 302 neurons in C. elegans, approximately one-third of all the somatic cells in the whole body. Many neurons contain dendrites which extend from
Caenorhabditis_elegans
Chinese biotechnology company
Kai Y; et al. (2013). "Aging as accelerated accumulation of somatic variants: whole-genome sequencing of centenarian and middle-aged monozygotic twin pairs"
Complete_Genomics
SOMATIC GENOME-PROCESSING
SOMATIC GENOME-PROCESSING
Female
English
Pet form of English Eugenia, GENIE means "well born." This is also a pet form of English Genevieve, probably meaning "race of women."
Male
English
English form of French Jérôme, JEROME means "holy name."
Male
Hawaiian
Hawaiian form of Greek Hieronymos, KELOME means "holy name."
Girl/Female
Indian
Romantic
Surname or Lastname
French (Jérôme) and English
French (Jérôme) and English : from the medieval
personal name Jérôme (French), Jerome (English),
from Greek HierÅnymos (see Hieronymus). This achieved
some popularity in France and elsewhere, being bestowed in honor of St
Jerome (?347–420), creator of the Vulgate, the standard Latin
version of the Bible.English (of Norman origin) : from a personal
name, Gerram, composed of the Germanic elements gÄr, gÄ“r ‘spear’ + hraban ‘raven’.A Jerome is recorded in Montreal in 1655 with the secondary
surnames Beaune and Leblanc. Another bearer of the name,
from Brittany, is recorded in Montreal in 1705 with the secondary
surname
Boy/Male
Arabic, Muslim
Romantic
Girl/Female
Afghan, Arabic
Beautiful
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian
Lord Vishnu
Female
English
Variant spelling of Latin Lenora, LENORE means "foreign; the other."
Girl/Female
Arabic, French, Muslim
Aromatic
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Sindhi, Telugu
Excelling the Moon
Girl/Female
Muslim
Aromatic
Female
English
Variant spelling of English Genny, probably GENNIE means "race of women."
Boy/Male
Hindu
Romantic
Boy/Male
Australian, French, German, Greek, Jamaican
Sacred Name; Holy Name
Girl/Female
Hindu
Boy/Male
Muslim
Aromatic
Boy/Male
Indian
Aromatic
Boy/Male
Tamil
Romantic
Girl/Female
Muslim
Romantic
SOMATIC GENOME-PROCESSING
SOMATIC GENOME-PROCESSING
Boy/Male
English American
From the hall on the hill.
Boy/Male
Hindu
A brahmin priest
Girl/Female
Hindu, Indian
Lamp
Male
Native American
Native American Miwok name MUATA means "yellow jackets inside a nest."
Girl/Female
Tamil
Ornament, Abbreviation of names ending in -gina
Girl/Female
Greek American Italian Spanish
Bringer of good news.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Protector
Male
Arthurian
, (of chequered color); Percival's mulatto half-brother.
Boy/Male
Tamil
Name of a God
Girl/Female
Hindu
Name of Shakti
SOMATIC GENOME-PROCESSING
SOMATIC GENOME-PROCESSING
SOMATIC GENOME-PROCESSING
SOMATIC GENOME-PROCESSING
SOMATIC GENOME-PROCESSING
n.
Related to the Roman people by descent; -- said especially of races and nations speaking any of the Romanic tongues.
a.
Of or pertaining to the style of the Christian and popular literature of the Middle Ages, as opposed to the classical antique; of the nature of, or appropriate to, that style; as, the romantic school of poets.
superl.
Soft; not violent or rough; not strong, loud, or disturbing; easy; soothing; pacific; as, a gentle touch; a gentle gallop .
a.
Of or pertaining to the wall of the body; somatopleuric; parietal; as, the somatic stalk of the yolk sac of an embryo.
a.
Entertaining ideas and expectations suited to a romance; as, a romantic person; a romantic mind.
n.
A Sotadic verse or poem.
a.
Characterized by strangeness or variety; suggestive of adventure; suited to romance; wild; picturesque; -- applied to scenery; as, a romantic landscape.
superl.
A compellative of respect, consideration, or conciliation; as, gentle reader.
a.
Somatic.
a.
Pertaining to, or having the property of, osmose; as, osmotic force.
n. sing. & pl.
A native or inhabitant of Genoa; collectively, the people of Genoa.
n.
A small owl (Glaucidium gnoma) of the Western United States.
a.
Falsely romantic.
p. p.
of Become
a.
Having numerous or conspicuous veins; veiny; as, a venose frond.
a.
Of or pertaining to romance; involving or resembling romance; hence, fanciful; marvelous; extravagant; unreal; as, a romantic tale; a romantic notion; a romantic undertaking.
a.
Of or pertaining to the body as a whole; corporeal; as, somatic death; somatic changes.
a.
Of or pertaining to the hip; in the region of, or affecting, the hip; ischial; ischiatic; as, the sciatic nerve, sciatic pains.
a.
Of or pertaining to nomads, or their way of life; wandering; moving from place to place for subsistence; as, a nomadic tribe.
superl.
Quiet and refined in manners; not rough, harsh, or stern; mild; meek; bland; amiable; tender; as, a gentle nature, temper, or disposition; a gentle manner; a gentle address; a gentle voice.