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Reference location for a specific type of rock layering (strata)
In geology, a stratotype or type section is the physical location or outcrop of a particular reference exposure of a stratigraphic sequence or stratigraphic
Stratotype
Second stage of the Holocene epoch
(2251 BCE or 7750 HE), near the 4.2-kiloyear event. The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) defining the base of the Northgrippian is an
Northgrippian
Sixth and last age of the Early Cretaceous
after Alba, the Latin name for River Aube in France. A Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP), ratified by the IUGS in 2016, defines the base
Albian
This is a list of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points. Since 1977, Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points (abbreviated GSSPs) are internationally
List of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points
List_of_Global_Boundary_Stratotype_Sections_and_Points
First epoch of the Quaternary Period
years BP. The IUGS has yet to approve a type section, Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP), for the upper Pleistocene/Holocene boundary
Pleistocene
Third stage of the Holocene epoch
earlier Greenlandian and Northgrippian ages/stages. Its Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) is a Krem Mawmluh Cave formation in Meghalaya
Meghalayan
Area defining a rock type or formation
area is the geographic area or region that surrounds the type locality (stratotype, if defined) of a stratigraphic unit or stratigraphic boundary. The concept
Type_locality_(geology)
Unit in stratigraphy
Stratigraphy The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP): overview Chart of The Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSP): chart
Stage_(stratigraphy)
Sixth and last period of the Paleozoic Era
global stages based on a Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) from a single formation (a stratotype) identifying the lower boundary of the
Permian
Boundary of a stage on the geologic time scale
A Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP), sometimes referred to as a golden spike, is an internationally agreed upon reference point on a
Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point
Global_Boundary_Stratotype_Section_and_Point
a drive-in campground. In 2000, Green Point was designated the Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) representing the division between the Cambrian
Green Point, Newfoundland and Labrador
Green_Point,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador
System that relates geologic strata to time
the lower boundaries of chronostratigraphic units. A Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) defines the lower boundary of a stage as being
Geologic_time_scale
Fifth period of the Paleozoic Era
global stages based on a Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) from a single formation (a stratotype) identifying the lower boundary of the
Carboniferous
Geologic eon, 4567–4031 million years ago
by IUGS (5-10-2022). The GSSA is 4,567.30 ± 0.16 Ma. "Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Points". International Commission on Stratigraphy. Retrieved
Hadean
First era of the Phanerozoic Eon
Fortune Head, Burin Peninsula, Newfoundland as the basal Cambrian Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) at the base of the Treptichnus pedum assemblage
Paleozoic
Second and last age of the Terreneuvian Epoch
Martin B. Brasier, Samuel A. Bowring (2013). "Proposal of the global stratotype section and point for the Laolinian Stage (=informal Cambrian Stage 2)
Cambrian_Stage_2
Headland on the Burin Peninsula, Newfoundland, Canada
thick section of rock along its cliffs is designated the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (or GSSP) representing the boundary between the Precambrian
Fortune_Head
Second age of the Furongian epoch
China's Zhejiang province, where its GSSP was defined. The Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Jiangshanian is the "Duibian B Section"
Jiangshanian
First geological period of the Paleozoic Era
rock units based on a Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) from a single formation (a stratotype) identifying the lower boundary of the
Cambrian
First age of the Holocene epoch
Holocene Series/ Epoch (Quaternary System/Period): two new Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSPs) and three new stages/subseries" (PDF). Episodes
Greenlandian
Third and last period of the Neoproterozoic Era
change at the end of the Marinoan ice age. The lower global boundary stratotype section (GSSP) of the Ediacaran is at the base of the cap carbonate (Nuccaleena
Ediacaran
Second age of the late Jurassic
species Pictonia baylei in the stratigraphic column. The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Kimmeridgian is the Flodigarry
Kimmeridgian
Fundamental unit of lithostratigraphy
locality for a type section as their stratotype. The geologist defining the formation is expected to describe the stratotype in sufficient detail that other
Geological_formation
Second age of the Late Cretaceous epoch
Kennedy, W. J.; I. Walaszczyk; W. A. Cobban (2005). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point for the base of the Turonian Stage of the Cretaceous:
Turonian
Time scale used in scientific disciplines
Schwander, Jacob (2009). "Formal definition and dating of the GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point) for the base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP
Before_Present
First period of the Cenozoic Era
global stages based on a Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) from a single formation (a stratotype) identifying the lower boundary of the
Paleogene
Earliest age of the Late Cretaceous Epoch
W.; Gale, A.; Lees, J.; Caron, M. (March 2004). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Cenomanian Stage, Mont Risou
Cenomanian
Reference point from which time is measured
units Standards Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA) Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) Methods Chronostratigraphy Geochronology Isotope
Epoch
First subperiod of the Carboniferous Period
Kaiser, Sandra (1 April 2009). "The Devonian/Carboniferous boundary stratotype section (La Serre, France) revisited". Newsletters on Stratigraphy. 43:
Mississippian_(geology)
Third and final series of the Permian
(v2018/07) provides a numerical age of 259.1 ±0.5 Ma. If a Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) has been approved, the lower boundary of the
Lopingian
First age of the Late Triassic epoch
Ramezani, Jahandar; Bowring, Samuel (September 2012). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Carnian Stage (Late Triassic) at Prati
Carnian
Oldest age in the Miocene
S. Spezzaferri; F. Tateo; G. Villa; D. Zevenboom (1997). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Neogene" (PDF). Episodes
Aquitanian_age
Term to designate the first appearance of a species in the geologic record
geologic time scale. A given FAD can be used to define a Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP). For example, the beginning of the Tremadocian
First_appearance_datum
Final stage of the Cambrian Period
Cooper, Roger; Nowlan, Godfrey; Williams, S. H. (March 2001). "Global Stratotype Section and Point for base of the Ordovician System" (PDF). Episodes.
Cambrian_Stage_10
Third and last era of the Proterozoic Eon
are the only Precambrian boundaries defined by biologic Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Points, rather than the absolute Global Standard Stratigraphic
Neoproterozoic
Geologic age of the late Miocene
Isabella; Turco, Elena; Willem-Jan Zachariasse (2005). "The Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Tortonian Stage (Upper Miocene) at Monte
Tortonian
First series of the Permian
Wardlaw, B.; Snyder, W. (March 1998). "Proposal of Aidaralash as Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for base of the Permian System" (PDF). Episodes
Cisuralian
Biostratigraphic unit in geology
lithostratigraphic units, biozones must have a type section designated as a stratotype. These stratotypes are named according to the typical taxon (or taxa) that is found
Biozone
Fourth age of the Late Cretaceous epoch
M.; Paul, C.; Peryt, D.; Pons, J. (March 2014). "The Global Boundary Stratotype and Section Point (GSSP) for the base of the Santonian Stage, "Cantera
Santonian
Study of Earth's magnetic field in past
units Standards Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA) Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) Methods Chronostratigraphy Geochronology Isotope
Paleomagnetism
Calendar era that uses 10,000 BC as 1 HE
Schwander, Jacob (2009). "Formal definition and dating of the GSSP (Global Stratotype Section and Point) for the base of the Holocene using the Greenland NGRIP
Holocene_calendar
Most recent geomagnetic reversal event
transition. The Brunhes–Matuyama reversal is a marker for the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) defining the base of the Chibanian Stage and
Brunhes–Matuyama_reversal
Changes in calendar conventions
units Standards Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA) Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) Methods Chronostratigraphy Geochronology Isotope
Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates
Third age of the Early Jurassic
Martin, Nicol; Page, Kevin; Price, Greg (June 2006). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Pliensbachian Stage (Lower
Pliensbachian
Sixth and last age of the Miocene Epoch, about 7 to 5 million years ago
stratigraphically in the middle of magnetic chronozone C3Br.1r. The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point for the Messinian is located in a section at Oued Akrech
Messinian
First period of the Mesozoic Era
Zhang; Jinnan, Tong; Zunyi, Yang; Shunbao, Wu (June 2001). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Permian-Triassic Boundary". Episodes.
Triassic
Age in the Middle Triassic
Hans; Nicora, Alda; Mundil, Roland (December 2005). "The Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Ladinian Stage (Middle Triassic) at Bagolino
Ladinian
Second age of the Early Jurassic
Retrieved October 23, 2025. Bloos, Gert; Page, Kevin (March 2002). "Global Stratotype Section and Point for base of the Sinemurian Stage (Lower Jurassic)".
Sinemurian
Third and last period of the Mesozoic Era
currently the only system boundary to lack a defined Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP). Placing a GSSP for this boundary has been difficult
Cretaceous
Third and last age of the Paleocene Epoch
of magnetic chronozone C26n. The references profile (Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point) is in the Zumaia section (43° 18'N, 2° 16'W) at the
Thanetian
Second and last age of the Middle Ordovician epoch
short history of the Ordovician System: from overlapping unit stratotypes to global stratotype sections and points". Geological Society, London, Special Publications
Darriwilian
1991 pseudohistorical conspiracy theory
units Standards Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA) Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) Methods Chronostratigraphy Geochronology Isotope
Phantom time conspiracy theory
Phantom_time_conspiracy_theory
Lowest stage of Ordovician
the conodont species Iapetognathus fluctivagus at the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) section on Newfoundland. The Tremadocian is named
Tremadocian
Second geologic period in the Cenozoic Era
Spezzaferri, S.; Tateo, F.; Villa, G.; Zevenboom, D. (March 1997). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Neogene". Episodes. 20 (1):
Neogene
Method to visualize the chronology of the universe
units Standards Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA) Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) Methods Chronostratigraphy Geochronology Isotope
Cosmic_Calendar
Third epoch of the Paleogene Period
cooler Miocene. The lower boundary of the Oligocene (its Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point or GSSP) is placed at the last appearance of the foraminiferan
Oligocene
First age of the Middle Ordovician epoch
"Volkhovian" and "Huanghuachangian". Huanghuachang section The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Dapingian is the Huanghuachang section
Dapingian
Awareness and education day for the movement of the Solar System
units Standards Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA) Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) Methods Chronostratigraphy Geochronology Isotope
Galactic_Tick_Day
Forms of astrology
units Standards Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA) Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) Methods Chronostratigraphy Geochronology Isotope
Sidereal and tropical astrology
Sidereal_and_tropical_astrology
occupying the core of the east-southeast-striking Bouldnor Syncline. Yet the stratotype of the formation is found at Whitecliff Bay on the east side of the Isle
Bouldnor_Formation
Third epoch of the Cambrian period
Margaret N.; Saltzman, Matthew R. (December 2004). "Global Standard Stratotype-section and Point (GSSP) of the Furongian Series and Paibian Stage (Cambrian)"
Miaolingian
Geology of peninsula in southwestern Europe
13 people were killed in Morocco and Portugal. Several Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points are defined in the Iberian Peninsula. In the 17th
Geology of the Iberian Peninsula
Geology_of_the_Iberian_Peninsula
Fourth and last age of the Early Jurassic
the Toarcian Stage of the Lower Jurassic defined by the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) at the Peniche section (Portugal)". Episodes
Toarcian
State in northeastern India
worldwide climate event around 2250 BCE had been chosen as the boundary stratotype. One of the biggest Central Institutes, the North Eastern Council Secretariat
Meghalaya
Final stage of the Devonian
Kaiser, Sandra (1 April 2009). "The Devonian/Carboniferous boundary stratotype section (La Serre, France) revisited". Newsletters on Stratigraphy. 43
Famennian
First stage of the Devonian
Oliver, William (June 1989). "Decision on the Lochkovian-Pragian Boundary Stratotype (Lower Devonian)" (PDF). Episodes. 12 (2): 109–114. Retrieved 18 December
Lochkovian
Study and interpretation of the signatures of the Earth's magnetic field
units Standards Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA) Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) Methods Chronostratigraphy Geochronology Isotope
Archaeomagnetic_dating
First stage of Cambrian Period
palaeontology.geo.uu.se. Retrieved October 21, 2025. "Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point". International Commission of Stratigraphy. Archived
Fortunian
Geological formation in North Yorkshire, England
Wine Haven, Robin Hood's Bay, Yorkshire contains the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Pliensbachian. "Redcar Mudstone
Redcar_Mudstone_Formation
Method for determining the age of objects
units Standards Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA) Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) Methods Chronostratigraphy Geochronology Isotope
Radiocarbon_dating
Earliest age on the geologic time scale of the Pliocene era
D.; D. Rio; F. J. Hilgen; L. J. Lourens (1998). "The Global Standard Stratotype-section and Point (GSSP) of the Piacenzian Stage (Middle Pliocene)" (PDF)
Zanclean
Valley in Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland
Dob's Linn is important in geology as the location of the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) which marks the boundary between the Ordovician
Dob's_Linn
Period of time for the ecliptic longitude of the Sun to increase 360°
units Standards Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA) Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) Methods Chronostratigraphy Geochronology Isotope
Tropical_year
Second period of the Paleozoic Era
Roger A.; Nowlan, Godfrey S.; Williams, S. Henry (March 2001). "Global Stratotype Section and Point for base of the Ordovician System" (PDF). Episodes.
Ordovician
Latest age of the Triassic Period
Stratigraphy. December 2024. Retrieved October 23, 2025. "Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point". International Commission of Stratigraphy. Retrieved
Rhaetian
Period during which a person was active
units Standards Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA) Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) Methods Chronostratigraphy Geochronology Isotope
Floruit
Sequence of rock layers laid down in the same geological period
alphabetical index The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP): overview Chart of The Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSP): chart
System_(stratigraphy)
Solar calendar
units Standards Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA) Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) Methods Chronostratigraphy Geochronology Isotope
Julian_calendar
Pseudohistorical Russian theory
units Standards Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA) Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) Methods Chronostratigraphy Geochronology Isotope
New_chronology_(Fomenko)
Geologic eon, 2500–539 million years ago
Michael (March–June 1994). "Decision on the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary stratotype" (PDF). Episodes. 17 (1–2): 3–8. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1994/v17i1.2/002
Proterozoic
Second series and epoch of the Permian
Wang, Yue; Cao, Changqun; Shang, Qinghua (December 2006). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the boundary between the Capitanian and Wuchiapingian
Guadalupian
Mass extinction event about 66 million years ago
"Stratigraphy of the Cretaceous/Paleogene (K/Pg) boundary at the Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) in El Kef, Tunisia: New insights from the El
Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event
Cretaceous–Paleogene_extinction_event
Earliest date possible for something
units Standards Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA) Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) Methods Chronostratigraphy Geochronology Isotope
Terminus_post_quem
Third and final epoch of the Triassic Period
Ramezani, Jahandar; Bowring, Samuel (September 2012). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Carnian Stage (Late Triassic) at Prati
Late_Triassic
Stage of the Triassic
Hans; Nicora, Alda; Mundil, Roland (December 2005). "The Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Ladinian Stage (Middle Triassic) at Bagolino
Anisian
Calendar era based on the biblical account of creation
units Standards Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA) Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) Methods Chronostratigraphy Geochronology Isotope
Anno_Mundi
Second stage of the Upper Ordovician
Young, Seth; Bergström, Stig; Huff, Warren (December 2007). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Katian Stage of the Upper
Katian
Second Age of the Paleocene Epoch
base of the Selandian is an unconformity. The official Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) was established in the Zumaia section (43°18′N
Selandian
Subdivision of the Pleistocene Epoch
years ago, but has been recalculated as 1.806 Mya. The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point, GSSP, for the former start of the Pleistocene is in
Calabrian_stage
Geologic age in the Late Cretaceous
Wagreich, Michael; Walaszczyk, Irek (1 February 2023). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Campanian Stage at Bottaccione (Gubbio
Campanian
time calibration are rare. For more recent periods, a Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP), largely based on paleontology and improved methods
Global Standard Stratigraphic Age
Global_Standard_Stratigraphic_Age
Fifth stage of Cambrian and first stage of the Miaolingian
Yang; Yue Wang; Haijing Sun; Yuning Yang (June 2019). "Global Standard Stratotype-Section and Point (GSSP) for the conterminous base of the Miaolingian
Wuliuan
Town in Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
Period, derives its name from Fortune and Fortune Bay. The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for this stage, which marks the base of the Cambrian
Fortune, Newfoundland and Labrador
Fortune,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador
19 solar year recurrence of lunar phases
units Standards Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA) Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) Methods Chronostratigraphy Geochronology Isotope
Metonic_cycle
Czech national nature monument
geologically important location due to the presence of the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) marking the boundary between Silurian and Devonian
Klonk
Calendar era based on the birth of Jesus
units Standards Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA) Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) Methods Chronostratigraphy Geochronology Isotope
Anno_Domini
Span of time defined for the purposes of chronology or historiography
units Standards Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA) Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) Methods Chronostratigraphy Geochronology Isotope
Era
Fourth and last Age of the Eocene Epoch
Cristina; Wade, Bridget (12 August 2020). "Proposal for the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the Priabonian Stage (Eocene) at the Alano
Priabonian
Fourth and current eon of the geological timescale
Michael (March–June 1994). "Decision on the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary stratotype" (PDF). Episodes. 17 (1–2): 3–8. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1994/v17i1.2/002
Phanerozoic
Second period of the Mesozoic Era
global stages based on a Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) from a single formation (a stratotype) identifying the lower boundary of the
Jurassic
STRATOTYPE
STRATOTYPE
STRATOTYPE
STRATOTYPE
Boy/Male
Muslim/Islamic
Rich
Girl/Female
Hindu
Tradition, Culture
Boy/Male
Biblical
The Lord is judge.
Biblical
there is God;
Boy/Male
Irish
Prince; smelly hair.
Girl/Female
Hindu
Royalty
Boy/Male
English German Teutonic
Brave.
Boy/Male
Muslim
Kind hearted
Surname or Lastname
English
English : from a diminutive of Drew 2 or 3.
Girl/Female
American, Australian, Chinese
Rye Meadow
STRATOTYPE
STRATOTYPE
STRATOTYPE
STRATOTYPE
STRATOTYPE