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Weak organic acid
Citric acid is an organic compound with the formula C6H8O7. It is a colorless weak organic acid. It occurs naturally in citrus fruits. In biochemistry
Citric_acid
Interconnected biochemical reactions releasing energy
The citric acid cycle—also known as the Krebs cycle, Szent–Györgyi–Krebs cycle, or TCA cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle)—is a series of biochemical reactions
Citric_acid_cycle
Simplest of the alpha-keto acids
amino acid alanine and can be converted into ethanol or lactic acid via fermentation. Pyruvic acid supplies energy to cells through the citric acid cycle
Pyruvic_acid
British biochemist (1900–1981)
organisms, including humans, other than anaerobic microorganisms, namely the citric acid cycle and the urea cycle. The former, often eponymously known as the
Hans_Krebs_(biochemist)
Organic compound
cycle, the glyoxylate cycle, amino acid synthesis, fatty acid synthesis and the citric acid cycle. Oxaloacetic acid undergoes successive deprotonations
Oxaloacetic_acid
Chemical compound
Isocitric acid is a structural isomer of citric acid. Since citric acid and isocitric acid are structural isomers, they share similar physical and chemical
Isocitric_acid
Organelle in eukaryotic cells responsible for respiration
the major functions include oxidation of pyruvate and fatty acids, and the citric acid cycle. The DNA molecules are packaged into nucleoids by proteins
Mitochondria
Space within the inner membrane of the mitochondrion
enzymes in the matrix play a large role in the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. The citric acid cycle produces NADH and FADH2 through oxidation
Mitochondrial_matrix
Aqueous solution of a weak acid and its conjugate base
difference, the more the overlap. In the case of citric acid, the overlap is extensive and solutions of citric acid are buffered over the whole range of pH 2
Buffer_solution
Organic carboxylic acid
tricarboxylic acid is an organic carboxylic acid that contain three carboxyl functional groups (−COOH). A well-known example is citric acid. Citric acid, is used
Tricarboxylic_acid
Set of biological processes
fatty acids yield the most ATP on an energy per gram basis, when they are completely oxidized to CO2 and water by beta oxidation and the citric acid cycle
Fatty_acid_metabolism
Set of chemical reactions in organisms
Amino acids also contribute to cellular energy metabolism by providing a carbon source for entry into the citric acid cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle)
Metabolism
Set of biochemical reactions
precursor to GABA, another neurotransmitter. The urea cycle and the citric acid cycle are independent cycles but are linked. One of the nitrogen atoms
Urea_cycle
Organic compound
pseudo-igniarius), lichen, and Iceland moss. Fumarate is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle used by cells to produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate
Fumaric_acid
Process of releasing energy from nutrients using inorganic electron acceptors
and one molecule of CO2 is formed. The citric acid cycle is also called the Krebs cycle or the tricarboxylic acid cycle. When oxygen is present, acetyl-CoA
Cellular_respiration
Chemical compound
though sodium citrate can refer to any of the three sodium salts of citric acid. It possesses a saline, mildly tart taste, and is a mild base. Sodium
Trisodium_citrate
Birth control medication
Lactic acid/citric acid/potassium bitartrate, sold under the brand name Phexxi, is a non-hormonal combination medication used as a method of birth control
Lactic acid/citric acid/potassium bitartrate
Lactic_acid/citric_acid/potassium_bitartrate
Chemical compound
the citric acid cycle. It is acted upon by the enzyme aconitase. Aconitic acid can be synthesized by dehydration of citric acid using sulfuric acid: (HO2CCH2)2C(OH)CO2H
Aconitic_acid
Energy-carrying molecule in living cells
processes; the three main pathways in eukaryotes are (1) glycolysis, (2) the citric acid cycle/oxidative phosphorylation, and (3) beta-oxidation. The overall
Adenosine_triphosphate
Organic compound with acidic properties
organic acids. A few common examples include: Lactic acid Acetic acid Formic acid Citric acid Oxalic acid Uric acid Malic acid Tartaric acid Butyric acid Folic
Organic_acid
Chemical compound
refers respectively to α-ketoglutaric acid or α-ketoglutarate. α-Ketoglutarate is an intermediate in the citric acid cycle, a set of cyclic reactions that
Α-Ketoglutaric_acid
Series of interconnected biochemical reactions
can continue from glycolysis to metabolise the pyruvate through the citric acid cycle or the electron transport chain to produce significantly more ATP
Glycolysis
Yellow citrus fruit
are used in cooking and baking. The juice of the lemon is about 5–6% citric acid, giving it a sour taste. This makes it a key ingredient in drinks and
Lemon
Dicarboxylic acid responsible for apple acidity
known as malates. The malate anion is a metabolic intermediate in the citric acid cycle. The word 'malic' is derived from Latin mālum, meaning 'apple'
Malic_acid
Effervescent antacid and pain reliever
ingredients: aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid or ASA), sodium bicarbonate (also known as baking soda), and anhydrous citric acid. The aspirin is a pain reliever
Alka-Seltzer
of the wine such as tannins. Three primary acids are found in wine grapes: tartaric, malic, and citric acids. During the course of winemaking and in the
Acids_in_wine
Chemical compound
Hydroxycitric acid (HCA) is a derivative of citric acid that is found in a variety of tropical plants including Garcinia cambogia and Hibiscus sabdariffa
Hydroxycitric_acid
Chemical compound
metabolism. Its main function is to deliver the acetyl group to the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) to be oxidized for energy production. Coenzyme A
Acetyl-CoA
Sports drink brand
(Ascorbic acid) Calcium disodium EDTA Allura Red AC (Red 40) Brilliant Blue FCF (Blue 1) Lemon Lime flavor: Water High fructose corn syrup Citric acid Electrolytes
Powerade
Organic compounds containing amine and carboxylic groups
The other product of transamidation is a keto acid that enters the citric acid cycle. Glucogenic amino acids can also be converted into glucose, through
Amino_acid
Species of fungus
niger's capability to withstand extremely acidic conditions makes it effective as an industrial producer of citric acid. A. niger causes a disease known as
Aspergillus_niger
Series of interconnected biochemical reactions
citric acid cycle, two carbons that are part of the acetyl-CoA are lost as carbon dioxide, which results in net carbon loss. Unlike the citric acid cycle
Glyoxylate_cycle
Simplest dicarboxylic acid. (COOH)2
pathway, oxaloacetate, a component of the Krebs citric acid cycle, is hydrolyzed to oxalate and acetic acid by the enzyme oxaloacetase: [O2CC(O)CH2CO2]2−
Oxalic_acid
Citrus fruit
with green flesh and skin and a distinctly sour taste due to their high citric acid content. They are widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions
Lime_(fruit)
recruits reaction steps from the citric acid cycle and the malate-aspartate shuttle. The conversion of the amino acid glutamine to α-ketoglutarate takes
Glutaminolysis
Metabolic pathway involving both catabolism and anabolism
biosynthetic, as citric acid cycle regenerate oxaloacetate when cycle intermediates are removed for biosynthesis. Figure 1: Citric acid cycle The pentose
Amphibolic
Aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride
hydrochloric acid are applied in the production of food, food ingredients, and food additives. Typical products include aspartame, fructose, citric acid, lysine
Hydrochloric_acid
Type of biochemical process
pathways such as the Citric Acid Cycle. Essential amino acids must be consumed and are made in other organisms. The amino acids are joined by peptide
Protein_metabolism
Class of chemical compounds
acids, where the functional groups are separated by two carbon atoms. Notable AHAs include glycolic acid, lactic acid, mandelic acid, and citric acid
Alpha_hydroxycarboxylic_acid
Chemical compound
mesaconic acid. It is one of the pyrocitric acids formed upon the heating of citric acid. Citraconic acid can be produced, albeit inefficiently, by oxidation
Citraconic_acid
Vitamin
first step. Coenzyme A is necessary in the reaction mechanism of the citric acid cycle. This process is the body's primary catabolic pathway and is essential
Pantothenic_acid
Dicarboxylic acid
target. Flame retardant Oil of amber, procured by heating succinic acid Citric acid cycle Metabolite Oncometabolism "Chapter P-6. Applications to Specific
Succinic_acid
Process of fatty acid breakdown
acetyl-CoA. The acetyl-CoA product of this step of fatty acid metabolism enters the citric acid cycle, generating NADH and FADH2, which are electron carriers
Beta_oxidation
Metabolic pathways to build molecules
the Calvin cycle. All amino acids are formed from intermediates in the catabolic processes of glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, or the pentose phosphate
Anabolism
Amino acid with a branched carbon chain
are converted either into acetyl-CoA or succinyl-CoA that enter the citric acid cycle. Enzymes involved are branched chain aminotransferase and 3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate
Branched-chain_amino_acid
Chemical compound giving a proton or accepting an electron pair
enzymes), acetic acid (vinegar is a dilute aqueous solution of this liquid), sulfuric acid (used in car batteries), and citric acid (found in citrus fruits)
Acid
Type of chemical solution
McIlvaine buffer is a buffer solution composed of citric acid and disodium hydrogen phosphate, also known as citrate-phosphate buffer. It was introduced
McIlvaine_buffer
Variety of chocolate
(namely, chocolate liquor, breakfast cocoa, cocoa and lowfat cocoa), citric acid, one or more of optional dairy ingredients, and one or more optional
Ruby_chocolate
Chemical synthesis of ketone bodies
conditions, acetyl-CoA cannot be metabolized through the citric acid cycle because the citric acid cycle intermediates (mainly oxaloacetate) have been depleted
Ketogenesis
Organic compounds with a –COOH group and a C=O group
aqueous solution. The alpha-keto acids are especially important in biology as they are involved in the Krebs citric acid cycle and in glycolysis. Also known
Keto_acid
Organic acid
to purify, leading to lactic acid being, on average, a quarter of the cost of citric acid. The continued use of lactic acid in some Eastern European and
Lactic_acid
Amino acids required in diet since they can not be synthesized in body
An essential amino acid, or indispensable amino acid, is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized from scratch by the organism fast enough to supply its
Essential_amino_acid
Drug used in the treatment of metabolic acidosis
Citric acid/potassium-sodium citrate is a drug used in the treatment of metabolic acidosis (a disorder in which the blood is too acidic). It is made up
Citric acid/potassium-sodium citrate
Citric_acid/potassium-sodium_citrate
One of the five basic tastes
enjoyment of sour flavors than adults, and sour candy containing citric acid or malic acid is common. Rui Chang, Hang Waters & Emily Liman (2010). "A proton
Sourness
Cheese set by souring
coprecipitation of casein and whey protein before addition of lactic or citric acid. Rennet is also sometimes used in the processing of other fresh, soft
Acid-set_cheese
Chemical compound
acid (3-NPA) is a mycotoxin which is severely toxic to humans. It is a potent suicidal inhibitor of succinate dehydrogenase, an enzyme in the citric acid
3-Nitropropionic_acid
Coenzyme, notable for its synthesis and oxidation role
its role in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids, and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle. Every genome sequenced to date encodes enzymes
Coenzyme_A
Chemical compound
glycolytic reactions take place. The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or the TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle is an 8-step process that takes
Adenosine_diphosphate
Chemical reaction
following the central path of aerobic metabolism from glycolysis to the citric acid cycle, we put pyruvate in perspective by considering its various possible
Oxidative_decarboxylation
Biochemical process in which fatty acids are derived from acetyl-CoA and NADPH
as a substrate for the synthesis of citrate as part of the well known citric acid cycle. Notably, the inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable to acetyl-CoA
Fatty_acid_synthesis
Genus of fungi
Aspergillus niger is as the major source of citric acid; this organism accounts for over 90% of global citric acid production, equaling more than 2.54 million
Aspergillus
Measure of an acid's strength in solution
difference, the more the overlap. The case of citric acid is shown at the right; solutions of citric acid are buffered over the whole range of pH 2.5 to
Acid_dissociation_constant
Organic compound (C6H5COOH)
beverages such as citrus fruit juices (citric acid), sparkling drinks (carbon dioxide), soft drinks (phosphoric acid), pickles (vinegar) and other acidified
Benzoic_acid
Chemical compound
or SucCoA, is a thioester of succinic acid and coenzyme A. It is an important intermediate in the citric acid cycle, where it is synthesized from α-ketoglutarate
Succinyl-CoA
Species of archaeon
phosphate pathway (NOPPP), nucleotide metabolism, and the reductive citric acid (RTCA) cycle. Methanogenesis, the process of reducing carbon dioxide
Methanococcus_maripaludis
Chemical compound
branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase, and the α-oxo(keto)adipate dehydrogenase. The first two are critical to the citric acid cycle. The GCS regulates
Lipoic_acid
Sour pickled Japanese fruit
wrinkled. Usually they taste salty, and are extremely sour due to high citric acid content, but sweeter versions exist as well. The central area of Wakayama
Umeboshi
respiration, pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl-CoA, which then enters the citric acid cycle. NADH and FADH2 donate electrons to an electron transport chain
Carbohydrate_catabolism
Citrus fruit
grapefruits are sour because of their citric acid content; grapefruit juice contains about half the citric acid content of lemon juice, and nearly 50%
Grapefruit
Medication first sold in 1894
powder contained sugar; an antacid, sodium bicarbonate (22.6% w/w); citric acid (to provide effervescence) (19.5% w/w); and a laxative, magnesium sulphate
Andrews_Liver_Salts
Metabolic redox process producing energy in the absence of oxygen
Organic acids such as citric acid, lactic acid, and acetic acid are procured by microbial fermentation. Citric acid finds widespread use in the food industry
Fermentation
Chemicals produced during fat metabolism
then enters the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) and is oxidized for energy. These liver-derived ketone groups include acetoacetic acid (acetoacetate),
Ketone_bodies
Anticoagulant solution often used in blood samples
or anticoagulant-citrate-dextrose solution) is any solution of citric acid, sodium citrate, and dextrose in water. It is mainly used as an anticoagulant
Acid-citrate-dextrose
Formation of mineral deposits in the kidneys
shown in men); increasing citrate, including from lemon and lime juice; citric acid in its natural form, such as from citrus fruits, "prevents small stones
Kidney_stone_disease
American soft drink brand
product): Diet Cola: carbonated water, caramel color, phosphoric acid, citric acid, potassium citrate, sucralose, potassium benzoate (a preservative)
Shasta_Beverages
Compound of organic acids
salts is an effervescent compound made up of organic acids such as citric acid or tartaric acid and salts such as sodium bicarbonate, sodium carbonate
Fruit_salt
Organic compound containing a –C(=O)OH group
adipic acid (polymers), citric acid (a flavor and preservative in food and beverages), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (chelating agent), fatty acids (coatings)
Carboxylic_acid
Chemical compound
3-tricarboxylic acid. Citric acid Aconitic acid Isocitric acid Russell, James B.; Forsberg, Neil (1986). "Production of tricarballylic acid by rumen microorganisms
Propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic acid
Propane-1,2,3-tricarboxylic_acid
Biosynthesis of glucose molecules
over 90% of the overall gluconeogenesis. Other glucogenic amino acids and all citric acid cycle intermediates (through conversion to oxaloacetate) can also
Gluconeogenesis
Type of fresh cheese in South Asian cuisine
non-melting soft cheese made by curdling milk with an acid, such as lemon juice or citric acid. Paneer is predominantly used in north Indian dishes and
Paneer
Chemical compounds that give a sour flavor to foods
acetic acid (e.g. in pickles) and citric acid. Many beverages, such as colas, contain phosphoric acid. Sour candies often are formulated with malic acid. Other
Acidulant
Metabolic process
metabolites, in the end generating acetyl-CoA, the entry molecule for the citric acid cycle, the main energy supply of living organisms, including bacteria
Fatty_acid_degradation
Chemical compound
citric acid cycle. Methylmalonic acid is formed as a by-product of this metabolic pathway when D-methylmalonyl-CoA is cleaved into methylmalonic acid
Methylmalonic_acid
Type of pickle
Although lemons contain citric acid, most citric acid is produced by fermentation using microbes that can convert sugars into citric acid, which is the most
Preserved_lemon
Class of enzymes
cis-aconitate in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, a non-redox-active process. Citric acid Aconitic acid Isocitric acid Aconitase has two slightly different
Aconitase
Chemical compound
are salts. One form is the 1:1 magnesium preparation in salt form with citric acid in a 1:1 ratio (1 magnesium atom per citrate molecule). It contains 11
Magnesium_citrate
Chemical compound
Calcium citrate is the calcium salt of citric acid. It is commonly used as a food additive (E333), usually as a preservative, but sometimes for flavor
Calcium_citrate
Tart candy
sugar and sour sugar (a combination of citric acid, tartaric acid, and sugar). The tartaric and citric acids provide the candy with a sharp burst of
Sour_Patch_Kids
Set of biochemical processes
amino acid synthesis (synthesis of glutamate, glutamine, proline and arginine) begins with α-ketoglutarate, an intermediate in the Citric Acid Cycle.
Amino_acid_synthesis
Carboxylic acid
system). Fatty acids can only be broken down in mitochondria, by means of beta-oxidation followed by further combustion in the citric acid cycle to CO2
Fatty_acid
Flowering plant in the family Anacardiaceae
apple can be eaten fresh, cooked in curries, or fermented into vinegar, citric acid, or an alcoholic drink. It is also used to make preserves, chutneys,
Cashew
Chemical compound
formed upon binding any of the several conjugate bases derived from citric acid with ferric ions. Most of these complexes are orange or red-brown. They
Iron(III)_citrate
Metabolic disorder leading to muscle dysfunction
by how much the citric acid cycle is down-regulated by default. Start from the state where glycogen is available and the citric acid cycle is severely
Adenosine monophosphate deaminase deficiency type 1
Adenosine_monophosphate_deaminase_deficiency_type_1
Organic acid found in many fruits
salts, in combination with citric acid, to improve the taste of oral medications. The potassium antimonyl derivative of the acid known as tartar emetic is
Tartaric_acid
Carboxylic acid with chemical formula CH3CH2CO2H
carbons, propionyl-CoA cannot directly enter either beta oxidation or the citric acid cycles. In most vertebrates, propionyl-CoA is carboxylated to D-methylmalonyl-CoA
Propionic_acid
Microscopic living organism
butyric acid made by the bacterium Clostridium butyricum, lactic acid made by Lactobacillus and other lactic acid bacteria, and citric acid produced
Microorganism
Fruit gum candy
a mixture of sugar, glucose syrup, starch, flavoring, food coloring, citric acid and gelatin. Higher quality gummies have gelatin as the lead ingredient
Gummy_bear
Enzyme
membrane of eukaryotes. It is the only enzyme that participates in both the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Histochemical analysis showing high
Succinate_dehydrogenase
which provide poorer preservation, so they are corrected with an acid such as citric acid in the final processing stage to provide microbial stability. Several
Fermentation and curing of olives
Fermentation_and_curing_of_olives
Simple sugars such as glucose and fructose
metabolism, where chemical energy is extracted through glycolysis and the citric acid cycle to provide energy to living organisms. Maltose is the dehydration
Monosaccharide
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CITRIC ACID
CITRIC ACID
Male
English
Middle English form of Anglo-Saxon Ceneric, CENRIC means "keen power."
Female
Irish
Variant form of Irish Gaelic CaitrÃn, CAITRIA means "pure."
Male
English
Chieftain
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Lord of Citra; Wonderful Lord; Moon
Girl/Female
French Latin Welsh
Pure, clear. Form of the Latin Katharina, from the Greek Aikaterina.
Boy/Male
Anglo Saxon
Name of a king.
Girl/Female
Greek Irish Scottish Gaelic
Pure.
Girl/Female
American, Australian, British, English, Greek
Modern Blend of Catrina and Patrice
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian
Brilliant; Sparkling
Boy/Male
Celtic American English Welsh
Cbief.
Boy/Male
Indian, Sanskrit
Thinker; Wise
Female
Scottish
Variant form of Scottish Gaelic Oighrig, possibly EIRIC means "new speckled one."
Female
Welsh
Welsh form of Old French Caterine, CATRIN means "pure."
Boy/Male
American, Australian, British, Celtic, Chinese, Christian, Danish, English, French, German, Indian, Irish, Swiss
Battle Chieftain; War Leader; Chief; Kindly and Love
Male
English
English name coined by Sir Walter Scott for a character in his novel Ivanhoe, thought to possibly be a variant spelling of Anglo-Saxon Cerdic, CEDRIC means "war chief."Â
Girl/Female
Irish
pleasant.
Boy/Male
Anglo, British, English
With Royal Might
Male
Slovene
Slovene form of Greek Kyrillos, CIRIL means "lord."
Boy/Male
English
royal.
Boy/Male
American, Australian, French, German, Latin
Patrician; Noble; Form of Patrick
CITRIC ACID
CITRIC ACID
CITRIC ACID
CITRIC ACID
CITRIC ACID
CITRIC ACID
CITRIC ACID
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