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Organic compounds containing amine and carboxylic groups
Amino acids are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups. Although over 500 amino acids exist in nature, by far
Amino_acid
Amino acids required in diet since they can not be synthesized in body
An essential amino acid, or indispensable amino acid, is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized from scratch by the organism fast enough to supply its
Essential_amino_acid
Amino acid that is incorporated biosynthetically into proteins during translation
Proteinogenic amino acids are amino acids that are incorporated biosynthetically into proteins during translation from RNA. The word "proteinogenic" means
Proteinogenic_amino_acid
Short chains of 2–50 amino acids
Peptides are short chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. A polypeptide is a longer, continuous, unbranched peptide chain. Polypeptides that have
Peptide
Amino acids not naturally encoded in the genome
biochemistry, non-coded or non-proteinogenic amino acids are distinct from the 22 proteinogenic amino acids (21 in eukaryotes), which are naturally encoded
Non-proteinogenic_amino_acids
Set of biochemical processes
Amino acid biosynthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the amino acids are produced. The substrates for these processes
Amino_acid_synthesis
Amino acid with a branched carbon chain
Chemical structures of BCAAs A branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) is an amino acid having an aliphatic side-chain with a branch (a central carbon atom bound
Branched-chain_amino_acid
Amino acid having an aromatic ring
An aromatic amino acid is an amino acid that includes an aromatic ring. Among the 20 standard amino acids, histidine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine
Aromatic_amino_acid
Exchange between amino acids of a protein
Amino acid replacement is a change from one amino acid to a different amino acid in a protein due to point mutation in the corresponding DNA sequence.
Amino_acid_replacement
Index of articles associated with the same name
amino acid, sulfur-containing amino acid, or SAA is an amino acid containing element sulfur. Common sulfur amino acids include: Proteinogenic amino acids
Sulfur_amino_acid
Class of chemical compounds
D-Amino acids are amino acids where the stereogenic carbon alpha to the amino group has the D-configuration. For most naturally occurring amino acids,
D-Amino_acid
Method of evaluating a protein's quality
digestibility-corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS) is a method of evaluating the quality of a protein based on both the amino acid requirements of humans
Protein digestibility corrected amino acid score
Protein_digestibility_corrected_amino_acid_score
Type of amino acid
A glucogenic amino acid (or glucoplastic amino acid) is an amino acid that can be converted into glucose through gluconeogenesis. This is in contrast to
Glucogenic_amino_acid
Protein quality method
Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score (DIAAS) is a protein quality method proposed in March 2013 by the Food and Agriculture Organization to replace
Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score
Digestible_Indispensable_Amino_Acid_Score
Amino acid and neurotransmitter
Glutamic acid (symbol Glu or E; known as glutamate in its anionic form), molecular formula C 5H 9NO 4, is an α-amino acid that is used by almost all organisms
Glutamic_acid
Biomolecule consisting of chains of amino acid residues
biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within organisms
Protein
Rules by which information encoded within genetic material is translated into proteins
links proteinogenic amino acids in an order specified by messenger RNA (mRNA), using transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules to carry amino acids and to read the mRNA
Genetic_code
Chemical compound giving a proton or accepting an electron pair
properties of a specific amino acid. In glycine, the simplest amino acid, the R group is a hydrogen atom, but in all other amino acids it is contains one or
Acid
Method for the synthesis of amino acids
The Strecker amino acid synthesis, also known simply as the Strecker synthesis, is a method for the synthesis of amino acids by the reaction of an aldehyde
Strecker_amino_acid_synthesis
Type of biochemical process
biochemical processes responsible for the synthesis of proteins and amino acids (anabolism), and the breakdown of proteins by catabolism. The steps of
Protein_metabolism
Type of amino acid
A ketogenic amino acid is an amino acid that can be degraded directly into acetyl-CoA, which is the precursor of ketone bodies and myelin, particularly
Ketogenic_amino_acid
Inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain
term "amino acid", when used without a qualifier, refers specifically to an alpha amino acid. GABA is not an alpha amino acid, meaning the amino group
GABA
Amino acid
simplest stable amino acid, distinguished by having a single hydrogen atom as its side chain. As one of the 20 proteinogenic amino acids, glycine is a fundamental
Glycine
Interconnected biochemical reactions releasing energy
different pathways). In addition, the cycle provides precursors of certain amino acids, as well as the reducing agent NADH, which are used in other reactions
Citric_acid_cycle
Linear sequence of amino acids in a peptide or protein
linear sequence of amino acids in a peptide or protein. By convention, the primary structure of a protein is reported starting from the amino-terminal (N) end
Protein_primary_structure
Three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in an amino acid-chain molecule
arrangement of atoms in an amino acid-chain molecule. Proteins are polymers – specifically polypeptides – formed from sequences of amino acids, which are the monomers
Protein_structure
Class of enzymes
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC or AAAD), also known as DOPA decarboxylase (DDC), tryptophan decarboxylase, and 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase
Aromatic_L-amino_acid_decarboxylase
Amino acid
Aspartic acid (symbol Asp or D; known as aspartate in its anionic form), is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. The L-isomer
Aspartic_acid
Modified genetic code
been re-allocated to encode an amino acid that is not among the 22 common naturally-encoded proteinogenic amino acids. The key prerequisites to expand
Expanded_genetic_code
Type of α-amino acid
or F) is an α-amino acid with the formula C 9H 11NO 2. It is one of the four aromatic amino acids and the 21 proteinogenic amino acids common to all known
Phenylalanine
Sulfur-containing amino acid
amino acid in humans. Compared to other amino acids, methionine has particularly decisive biosynthetic roles. It is the precursor to the amino acid cysteine
Methionine
Topics referred to by the same term
Amino acids are listed by type: Proteinogenic amino acid Non-proteinogenic amino acids This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title
List_of_amino_acids
Chemical compound
Valine (symbol Val or V) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH3+
Valine
Amino acid
Threonine (symbol Thr or T) is an amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH+
Threonine
Nutrient for the human body
nine essential amino acids. The consensus seems to lean toward nine since histidine is not synthesized in adults. There are five amino acids that the human
Protein_(nutrient)
Sequence in the structure of a protein
proteins XKXX is a target peptide motif located in the C terminus in the amino acid structure of a protein responsible for retrieval of endoplasmic reticulum
KKXX_(amino_acid_sequence)
Division within flowering plants
The non-protein amino acid-accumulating clade, also known as the Canavanine-accumulating clade, is a clade of the flowering plant subfamily Faboideae (or
Non-protein amino acid-accumulating clade
Non-protein_amino_acid-accumulating_clade
Process of attaching Amino acids to their tRNA
Amino acid activation (also known as aminoacylation or tRNA charging) refers to the attachment of an amino acid to its respective transfer RNA (tRNA)
Amino_acid_activation
Paleontological dating technique
Amino acid dating or racemization dating is a dating technique used to estimate the age of a specimen in paleobiology, molecular paleontology, archaeology
Amino_acid_dating
Amino acid
one of the 20 standard amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize proteins. It is a conditionally essential amino acid with a polar side group
Tyrosine
Organic compound containing a –C(=O)OH group
groups. Carboxylic acids occur widely. Important examples include the amino acids and fatty acids. Deprotonation of a carboxylic acid gives a carboxylate
Carboxylic_acid
Start of a polypeptide
as amino acids are added to the carboxyl end of the protein.[citation needed] Each amino acid has an amine group and a carboxylic group. Amino acids link
N-terminus
Process where substrates are converted into more complex products in living organisms
Examples of biosynthetic pathways include those for the production of amino acids, lipid membrane components, and nucleotides, but also for the production
Biosynthesis
Proteinogenic amino acid
Cysteine (/ˈsɪstɪiːn/; symbol Cys or C) is a semiessential proteinogenic amino acid with the formula HS−CH2−CH(NH2)−COOH. The thiol side chain in cysteine
Cysteine
List of standard rules to translate DNA encoded information into proteins
codon table can be used to translate a genetic code into a sequence of amino acids. The standard genetic code is traditionally represented as an RNA codon
DNA_and_RNA_codon_tables
Sequencing of amino acid arrangement in a protein
Protein sequencing is the practical process of determining the amino acid sequence of all or part of a protein or peptide. This may serve to identify the
Protein_sequencing
Protein ranking for human nutrition
Protein quality is the digestibility and quantity of essential amino acids for providing the proteins in correct ratios for human consumption. There are
Protein_quality
Cellular process of protein synthesis
using RNA molecules as templates. The generated protein is a sequence of amino acids determined by the sequence of nucleotides in the RNA. The nucleotides
Translation_(biology)
Type of secondary structure of proteins
An alpha helix (or α-helix) is a sequence of amino acids in a protein that are twisted into a coil (a helix). The alpha helix is the most common structural
Alpha_helix
Class of enzymes
transamination reaction between an amino acid and an α-keto acid. They are important in the synthesis of amino acids, which form proteins. Two important
Transaminase
Amino acid
is the amino acid with the formula (H2N)(HN)CN(H)(CH2)3CH(NH2)CO2H. The molecule features a guanidino group appended to a standard amino acid framework
Arginine
Chemical compound
is an essential amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Leucine is an α-amino acid, meaning it contains an α-amino group (which is in
Leucine
Aminosulfonic acid
non-proteinogenic amino sulfonic acid widely distributed in mammalian tissues and organs. Structurally, by containing a sulfonic acid group instead of
Taurine
Anticonvulsant drug
γ-Amino-β-hydroxybutyric acid (GABOB), also known as β-hydroxy-γ-aminobutyric acid (β-hydroxy-GABA), sold under the brand name Gamibetal among others,
Γ-Amino-β-hydroxybutyric_acid
Method used to determine if a protein is complete
Amino acid score is used to determine if a protein is complete. It is used along with the measure of protein digestibility that refers to how well a given
Amino_acid_score
Α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins
or α-alanine, is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an amine group and a carboxylic acid group, both attached to
Alanine
Chemical compound
into a vein, or by intramuscular injection. Tranexamic acid is a synthetic analog of the amino acid lysine. It serves as an antifibrinolytic by reversibly
Tranexamic_acid
Covalent bond between amino acids in a protein chain
chemical bond linking two consecutive alpha-amino acids from C1 (carbon number one) of one alpha-amino acid and N2 (nitrogen number two) of another, along
Peptide_bond
Enzyme involved in amino acid metabolism
natural amino acid, L-aspartic acid and α-ketoglutaric acid to give oxaloacetic acid and L-glutamic acid.: Aspartic acid + α-Ketoglutaric acid
Aspartate_transaminase
Class of peptides derived from β-amino acids
β-amino acids, in which the amino group is attached to the β-carbon (i.e. the carbon two atoms away from the carboxylate group). The parent β-amino acid
Beta-peptide
Loss of structure in proteins and nucleic acids due to external stress
between amino acid side-chains (such as disulfide bridges between cysteine groups) Non-covalent dipole-dipole interactions between polar amino acid side-chains
Denaturation_(biochemistry)
Nucleotide or amino-acid sequence pattern
In biology, a sequence motif is a nucleotide or amino-acid sequence pattern that is widespread and usually assumed to be related to biological function
Sequence_motif
Chemical compound
tryptophane, is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Tryptophan contains an α-amino group, an α-carboxylic acid group, and a side
Tryptophan
Dietary theory for protein nutrition
in one or more essential amino acids are combined with other plant products in order to provide all the essential amino acids for human life. While all
Protein_combining
Seed of the coffee plant
low-molecular-weight peptides and amino acids. Mature coffee contains free amino acids (4.0 mg amino acid/g robusta coffee and up to 4.5 mg amino acid/g arabica coffee)
Coffee_bean
Production of peptides
peptide synthesis is the production of peptides, compounds where multiple amino acids are linked via amide bonds, also known as peptide bonds. Peptides are
Peptide_synthesis
Chemical compound
acid. & Tafamidis van de Graaf, Bas (1981). "Substituent effects. 7. Microscopic dissociation constants of 4-amino- and 4-(dimethylamino)benzoic acid"
4-Aminobenzoic_acid
Protein source containing all nine essential amino acids
of the nine essential amino acids necessary in the human diet. Protein nutrition is complex because any proteinogenic amino acid may be the limiting factor
Complete_protein
Substance that an organism uses to live
animals are the energy sources, some of the amino acids that are combined to create proteins, a subset of fatty acids, vitamins and certain minerals. Plants
Nutrient
Juvenile cat
essential amino acid found only in animal tissue; the mother cat cannot produce enough of it for her kittens. As it is an indispensable amino acid, it must
Kitten
Chemical compound
Asparagine (symbol Asn or N) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH+
Asparagine
Study of chemical processes of living organisms
can easily transfer the amino group from one amino acid (making it an α-keto acid) to another α-keto acid (making it an amino acid). This is important in
Biochemistry
Food ingredient
the essential amino acids. Hemp protein is rich in essential amino acids, containing, in sufficient quantities, all essential amino acids required by humans
Hemp_protein
Amino acid
(symbol Lys or K; also L-lysine) is an α-amino acid that is a precursor to many proteins. Lysine contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH+3
Lysine
Type of chemical substance
bases. All definitions agree that bases are substances that react with acids, as originally proposed by G.-F. Rouelle in the mid-18th century. In 1884
Base_(chemistry)
Amino acid
is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Its side chain is similar to that of glutamic acid, except the carboxylic acid group is
Glutamine
Set of chemical reactions in organisms
cycle. Amino acids also contribute to cellular energy metabolism by providing a carbon source for entry into the citric acid cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle)
Metabolism
Molecule containing an equal number of positive and negative functional groups
can be assessed. An amino acid Sulfamic acid isomers, with the zwitterion (right) Anthranilic acid Structure of H4EDTA Sulfamic acid crystallizes in the
Zwitterion
Mammalian protein
pyridoxamine in the first phase of the reaction, when an amino acid is converted into a keto acid. ALT is commonly measured clinically as part of liver function
Alanine_transaminase
Succession of nucleotides in a nucleic acid
into a sequence of amino acids making up a protein strand. Each group of three bases, called a codon, corresponds to a single amino acid, and there is a
Nucleic_acid_sequence
Organic compound with two –COOH groups
are found in nature. Aspartic acid and glutamic acid are two amino acids found in all life. Succinic and fumaric acids are essential for metabolism. A
Dicarboxylic_acid
Experiment testing the origin of life
an electric arc (simulating lightning) resulted in the production of amino acids. It is regarded as a groundbreaking experiment, and the classic experiment
Miller–Urey_experiment
Values of chemical properties
hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity of amino acid residues. The more positive the value, the more hydrophobic are the amino acids located in that region of the
Hydrophobicity_scales
Class of enzymes
the appropriate amino acid onto its corresponding tRNA. It does so by catalyzing the transesterification of a specific cognate amino acid or its precursor
Aminoacyl_tRNA_synthetase
Class of genetic diseases
were classified as disorders of carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, organic acid metabolism, or lysosomal storage diseases. In recent decades
Inborn_errors_of_metabolism
Organic compound
urea cycle, the glyoxylate cycle, amino acid synthesis, fatty acid synthesis and the citric acid cycle. Oxaloacetic acid undergoes successive deprotonations
Oxaloacetic_acid
Type of biological prediction
the inference of the three-dimensional structure of a protein from its amino acid sequence—that is, the prediction of its secondary and tertiary structure
Protein_structure_prediction
Simplest of the alpha-keto acids
amino acid alanine and can be converted into ethanol or lactic acid via fermentation. Pyruvic acid supplies energy to cells through the citric acid cycle
Pyruvic_acid
Biochemical pathway that maintains glutamate supply in CNS
the astrocytic compartment is via an amino-acid shuttle, of which there are two: leucine and alanine. The amino acid moves in the opposite direction of
Glutamate–glutamine_cycle
Chemical compound
(symbol His or H) is an essential amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated –NH3+
Histidine
British biochemist (1918–2013)
Chemistry twice. He won the 1958 Chemistry Prize for determining the amino acid sequence of insulin and numerous other proteins, demonstrating in the
Frederick_Sanger
Chemical reaction that gives browned food flavor
(/ˈmaɪjɑːr(d)/ MY-ar(d); French: [majaʁ]) is a chemical reaction between amino acids and reducing sugars to create melanoidins, the compounds that give browned
Maillard_reaction
Chemical compound
(beta-alanine) is a naturally occurring beta amino acid. Beta amino acids are amino acids in which the amino group is attached to the β-carbon atom (i.e
Β-Alanine
Hypoallergenic infant milk formula
Amino acid-based formula is a type of infant milk formula made from individual amino acids. It is hypoallergenic and intended for infants suffering from
Amino_acid-based_formula
Chemical compound
Isoleucine (symbol Ile or I) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH+
Isoleucine
RNA that facilitates the addition of amino acids to a new protein
code in messenger RNA (mRNA) and the amino acid sequence of proteins, carrying the correct sequence of amino acids to be combined by the protein-synthesizing
Transfer_RNA
Class of chondritic meteorites
in the form of graphite, carbonates, and organic compounds, including amino acids. In addition, they contain water and minerals that have been modified
Carbonaceous_chondrite
Amino acid
/ˈsɪəriːn/ (symbol Ser or S) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. It contains an α-amino group (which is in the protonated −NH+
Serine
Macromolecular machine that synthesizes proteins in cells
in an mRNA molecule and, with the aid of transfer RNA (tRNA), links amino acids into a polypeptide chain. Each ribosome comprises a small and a large
Ribosome
Medical condition
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency, also known as AADC deficiency, is a rare genetic disorder caused by mutations in the DDC gene, which encodes
Aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase deficiency
Aromatic_L-amino_acid_decarboxylase_deficiency
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