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Genetic process
genes. Complementation can be assessed by mating or crossing strains of an organism that each carry mutations through a simple complementation test. When
Complementation_(genetics)
Topics referred to by the same term
property whereby double stranded nucleic acids pair with each other Complementation (genetics), a test to determine if independent recessive mutant phenotypes
Complement
Scientific study of genes at the molecular level
compared with others and is a standard technique used in forensics. Complementation (genetics) DNA damage (naturally occurring) DNA damage theory of aging Epigenetics
Molecular_genetics
Reduced fitness as a result of inbreeding
wild-type allele, this masking phenomenon is referred to as complementation (see complementation (genetics)). In general, sexual reproduction in eukaryotes has
Inbreeding_depression
Compartment Competence factor Competent Complementary DNA Complementation Complementation test Complete linkage Complex trait Composite transposon Concordance
Index_of_genetics_articles
Case in which having two different versions of a gene provides an advantage
wild-type alleles, as discussed in the articles Heterosis and Complementation (genetics), but there were also findings of overdominance, especially in
Heterozygote_advantage
between two alleles leads to intragenic complementation while disruption of transvection disrupts the complementation. Transvection is believed to occur through
Transvection_(genetics)
Combination of genetic material between compatible mating types
would otherwise be deleterious to sexual spore formation (see Complementation (genetics)). Saccharomyces cerevisiae, brewer's and baker's yeast, is in
Mating_in_fungi
Species of ascomycete fungus
that would otherwise be harmful to sexual spore formation (see Complementation (genetics)). Neurospora crassa is not only a model organism for the study
Neurospora_crassa
Technology used to validate protein interactions
Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (also known as BiFC) is a technology typically used to validate protein interactions. It is based on the association
Bimolecular fluorescence complementation
Bimolecular_fluorescence_complementation
function Apparent allelism in complementation tests despite being distinct genetic loci With the advent of molecular genetics, most classical cases of pseudoallelism
Pseudoalleles
Dependence of a gene mutation's phenotype on mutations in other genes
cause epistasis. This is sometimes called allelic complementation, or interallelic complementation. It may be caused by several mechanisms, for example
Epistasis
Organism composed of cells of different genotypes
"P744: Cytomictical chimerism in a phenotypically normal 46,XY woman". Genetics in Medicine Open. 3 103113. doi:10.1016/j.gimo.2025.103113. ISSN 2949-7744
Chimera_(genetics)
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
9". Nature Genetics. 1 (3): 196–198. doi:10.1038/ng0692-196. PMID 1303234. S2CID 7341515. "Entrez Gene: FANCC Fanconi anemia, complementation group C".
Fanconi anemia, complementation group C
Fanconi_anemia,_complementation_group_C
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Fanconi anemia, complementation group E protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FANCE gene. The Fanconi anemia complementation group (FANC)
FANCE
Chemical compound
pathways are lost, then this leads to non-allelic non-complementation. In a non-complementation screen, an ENU-induced male is crossed with a female carrying
ENU
the same gene, and complementation has not occurred. Cross complementation, also referred to as Excision Repair Cross-Complementing (ERCC) in humans differs
Excision repair cross-complementing
Excision_repair_cross-complementing
Genetic study of ancient Neanderthal DNA
Neanderthal genetics testing became possible in the 1990s with advances in ancient DNA analysis. In 2008, the Neanderthal genome project published the
Neanderthal_genetics
American geneticist (1915–2006)
of gene clusters. His early work on intragenic complementation led to the insight that complementation between allelic mutants is of widespread occurrence
Norman_Giles
vigor (complementation) "is amply sufficient to account for the ... genesis of the two sexes". This is consistent with the repair and complementation hypothesis
Evolution of sexual reproduction
Evolution_of_sexual_reproduction
Type of stable macromolecular complex
phenomenon is referred to as intragenic complementation (also called inter-allelic complementation). Intragenic complementation has been demonstrated in many different
Protein_complex
Molecular genetics approach
Forward genetics is a molecular genetics approach of determining the genetic basis responsible for a phenotype. Forward genetics provides an unbiased approach
Forward_genetics
German forensic geneticist
Forensic Molecular Genetics at the Institute of Legal Medicine of the University of Cologne. Parallel to his work on the complement system and immunogenetics
Peter_M._Schneider
Region of DNA equaling a gene as defined by complementation test
to emphasize that molecular genes exhibit a specific behavior in a complementation test (cis-trans test); distinct positions (or loci) within a genome
Cistron
Offspring of cross-species reproduction
history of genetics, Hugo de Vries supposed these were caused by mutation. Genetic complementation is a hybridization test widely used in genetics to determine
Hybrid_(biology)
Number and arrangement of multiple folded protein subunits in a multi-subunit complex
phenomenon is referred to as intragenic complementation (also called inter-allelic complementation). Intragenic complementation appears to be common and has been
Protein_quaternary_structure
Evolution of different specialized function in two copies of a duplicated gene
also called "function splitting". In the Duplication- Degeneration- Complementation (DDC) model of subfunctionalization both gene copies are needed to
Subfunctionalization
Study of the inheritance of continuously variable traits
Quantitative genetics is the study of quantitative traits, which are phenotypes that vary continuously—such as height or mass—as opposed to phenotypes
Quantitative_genetics
Transheterozygotes are useful in the study of genetic interactions and complementation testing. A transheterozygote is a diploid organism that is heterozygous
Transheterozygote
This glossary of genetics and evolutionary biology is a list of definitions of terms and concepts used in the study of genetics and evolutionary biology
Glossary of genetics and evolutionary biology
Glossary_of_genetics_and_evolutionary_biology
Type of biological inheritance
inheritance by Thomas Hunt Morgan in 1915, they became the core of classical genetics. Ronald Fisher combined these ideas with the theory of natural selection
Mendelian_inheritance
Medical condition
The cause of complement deficiency is genetics (though cases of an acquired nature do exist post infection). The majority of complement deficiencies are
Complement_deficiency
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
gene responsible for the cblB complementation group of vitamin B12-dependent methylmalonic aciduria". Human Molecular Genetics. 11 (26): 3361–3369. doi:10
MMAB
alone. In such a case, the phenomenon is referred to as intragenic complementation. PCC is a heteropolymer composed of α and β subunits in a α6β6 structure
Propionyl-CoA_carboxylase
British microbial geneticist
contributions included the discovery of intracistronic or interallelic complementation with John Fincham, as well as developing our understanding of gene
John_Arthur_Joseph_Pateman
Medical condition multisystem disorder
infantile lethal cerebro-oculo-facio-skeletal syndrome. There are seven complementation groups, plus one variant form: There is no cure for the disorder; all
Xeroderma_pigmentosum
Genetic disease causing anemia, birth defects, and cancers
of complementation group D1, N, and S, are embryonically lethal in most cases, which might account for the rare observation of these complementation groups
Fanconi_anemia
Macromolecular complex formed by three macromolecules
Denhardt, GH (1965). "Intragenic complementation among temperature sensitive mutants of bacteriophage T4D". Genetics. 51 (6): 987–1002. Bartual, SG; Otero
Protein_trimer
American mathematician (1916–2001)
from MIT in 1940 with a PhD in mathematics; his thesis, which focused on genetics, contained important results though it remained unpublished and relatively
Claude_Shannon
population genetics, extinction probability is the chance of an inherited trait becoming extinct as a function of time t. If t = ∞ this may be the complement of
Extinction_probability
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
anemia complementation group B". Nat Genet. 36 (11): 1219–24. doi:10.1038/ng1458. PMID 15502827. "Entrez Gene: FANCB Fanconi anemia, complementation group
FANCB
Protein found in humans
009. PMID 16831446. Lachmann P (Dec 1975). "Genetics of the complement system". Journal of Medical Genetics. 12 (4): 372–377. doi:10.1136/jmg.12.4.372
Complement_component_3
Mechanism of evolution by differential reproduction
develop modern theories of genetics. The union of traditional Darwinian evolution with subsequent discoveries in classical genetics formed the modern synthesis
Natural_selection
Technique of crossing between different breeds
in progeny. The masking effect of outcrossing is known as genetic complementation, an effect recognized as a factor in hybrid vigor or heterosis, where
Outcrossing
Group of genetic connective tissues disorders
of Medical Genetics. Part C, Seminars in Medical Genetics. 175 (1): 8–26. doi:10.1002/ajmg.c.31552. PMID 28306229. S2CID 4440499. "Genetics and Inheritance
Ehlers–Danlos_syndrome
The genetics of social behavior is an area of research that attempts to address the question of the role that genes play in modulating the neural circuits
Genetics_of_social_behavior
Protein found in humans
(April 1988). "Assignment of the complement serine protease genes C1r and C1s to chromosome 12 region 12p13". Human Genetics. 78 (4): 363–8. doi:10.1007/BF00291737
Complement_component_1s
is the subject of research within the larger field of human population genetics. It has developed in parallel with DNA testing technologies capable of
Genetic history of the British Isles
Genetic_history_of_the_British_Isles
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
Fanconi anemia, complementation group M, also known as FANCM is a human gene. It is an emerging target in cancer therapy, in particular cancers with specific
FANCM
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
cloned by functional complementation on a CHO cell mutant is responsible for peroxisome-deficient Zellweger syndrome of complementation group I". Proceedings
PEX1
Cellular process
Dangel NJ, Knoll A, Puchta H (June 2014). "MHF1 plays Fanconi anaemia complementation group M protein (FANCM)-dependent and FANCM-independent roles in DNA
Chromosomal_crossover
Condition in which the head is small due to an underdeveloped brain
MCPH1-dependent primary microcephaly disorder, xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group A deficiency, Fanconi anemia, ligase 4 deficiency syndrome and
Microcephaly
Icelandic biopharmaceutical company
deCODE genetics (Icelandic: Íslensk erfðagreining) is a biopharmaceutical company based in Reykjavík, Iceland and founded in 1996 by Kári Stefánsson. Its
DeCODE_genetics
Population structure of viruses with a large number of variant genomes
was generated by complementation of the two truncated forms, in absence of standard, full length FMDV genomes. For complementation to be effective, prior
Viral_quasispecies
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Gene: XPC xeroderma pigmentosum, complementation group C". "OMIM Entry - # 278720 - XERODERMA PIGMENTOSUM, COMPLEMENTATION GROUP C; XPC". Retrieved 12 December
XPC_(gene)
Protein-coding gene in humans
XI. Linkage analysis and population genetics of the C1S subcomponent of the first complement component". Complement and Inflammation. 6 (2): 81–7. doi:10
Complement_component_1r
Mammalian protein found in humans
of mutations in patients of the cblG complementation group of folate/cobalamin disorders". Human Molecular Genetics. 5 (12): 1867–1874. doi:10.1093/hmg/5
Methionine_synthase
Duplication of a gene sequence within a genome
of constructive neutral evolution) or DDC (duplication-degeneration-complementation) model, in which the functionality of the original gene is distributed
Gene_duplication
Software for statistical analysis of molecular evolution
Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (MEGA) is computer software for conducting statistical analysis of molecular evolution and for constructing phylogenetic
Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis
Molecular_Evolutionary_Genetics_Analysis
Number of sets of chromosomes of a cell
in the animal kingdom and is the simplest to illustrate in diagrams of genetics concepts. But this definition also allows for haploid gametes with more
Ploidy
Plasmid cloning vector
insertional inactivation of the α-peptide gene, which prevents intra-allelic complementation. Thus, as cells containing recombinant plasmids will not produce a
PUC19
Mouse with altered genomes
then injected into the mice blastocysts or utilized in the Tetraploid complementation assay—an approach that eliminates the need for microinjection entirely
Genetically_modified_mouse
Nitrogen-containing biological compounds that form nucleosides
paired with a G. These purine-pyrimidine pairs, which are called base complements, connect the two strands of the helix and are often compared to the rungs
Nucleotide_base
Property of nucleic acid strands with respect to their translatability into protein
In molecular biology and genetics, the sense of a nucleic acid molecule, particularly of a strand of DNA or RNA, refers to the nature of the roles of the
Sense_(molecular_biology)
Database on Schizosaccharomyces pombe
regarding when specific genes are expressed Complementation data for where there is functional complementation between a fission yeast gene and a gene from
PomBase
Explanation of the flow of genetic information within a biological system
the original biopolymer's sequence. When DNA is transcribed to RNA, its complement is paired to it. DNA codes are transferred to RNA codes in a complementary
Central dogma of molecular biology
Central_dogma_of_molecular_biology
Term in biology
type. This promotes some degree of outcrossing. Outcrossing, through complementation, could provide the benefit of masking recessive deleterious mutations
Mating_type
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Mutations in FANCD2 cause Fanconi anemia complementation group D2. The members of the Fanconi anemia complementation group do not share sequence similarity
FANCD2
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
cross-complementing rodent repair deficiency, complementation group 5 (xeroderma pigmentosum, complementation group G) is involved in excision repair of
ERCC5
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
phenotype: evidence for naturally occurring interallelic complementation". Human Molecular Genetics. 6 (9): 1457–64. doi:10.1093/hmg/6.9.1457. PMID 9285782
Methylmalonyl-CoA_mutase
DNA screening technique
method is based on the principle of α-complementation of the β-galactosidase gene. This phenomenon of α-complementation was first demonstrated in work done
Blue–white_screen
Mammalian protein found in humans
pigmentosum complementation group D who has the clinical features of xeroderma pigmentosum and Cockayne syndrome". American Journal of Human Genetics. 56 (1):
ERCC2
American biologist (1918-2004)
mechanisms of animal development. He is credited with development of the complementation test. A collection of his key publications and perspectives is presented
Edward_B._Lewis
Movement of molecules into a defined arrangement without outside influence
Edgar RS, Denhardt GH. Intragenic complementation among temperature sensitive mutants of bacteriophage T4D. Genetics. 1965;51(6):987-1002. H. Jehle (1963)
Molecular_self-assembly
Protein found in humans
1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a072175. PMID 3315100. Yu CY (1999). "Molecular genetics of the human MHC complement gene cluster". Experimental and Clinical Immunogenetics.
Complement_component_2
Identity of organellar DNA sequences in a cell
Homoplasmy is a term used in genetics to describe a eukaryotic cell whose copies of mitochondrial DNA are all identical. In normal and healthy tissues
Homoplasmy
Class of enzymes
the rejoining of the inactive fragments. In the process called alpha-complementation, one of the fragments (omega) is encoded by a part of a gene of the
Galactosidases
Reduction of blood flow to the heart
(dyslipidemia)", and being overweight. About half of cases are linked to genetics. Apart from these well-established risk factors, several other risk factors
Coronary_artery_disease
delayed movement during anaphase and fails to be included in the nucleusis. This mitotic segregation error restores the normal chromosome complement (2n).
Genetics_of_Down_syndrome
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
independent complementation groups of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells have been isolated, and this gene restored UV resistance to cells of complementation group
ERCC4
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Journal of Human Genetics. 61 (4): 940–4. doi:10.1086/514881. PMC 1715980. PMID 9382107. "Entrez Gene: FANCF Fanconi anemia, complementation group F". Léveillé
FANCF
Vision loss due to damage to the macula of the eye
human complement regulatory proteins CFHR1, CFHR3 and factor H influences risk for age-related macular degeneration (AMD)". Human Molecular Genetics. 19
Macular_degeneration
Etiology of psychopathology
conceptualized as disorders of brain circuits shaped by a complex interplay of genetics and experience. The social and medical models of mental disorders each
Causes_of_mental_disorders
Species of bacterium
the human immune system. It is also known to evade components of the complement cascade, part of innate immune system, which mounts the initial response
Borrelia_miyamotoi
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
protein forms a multiple-protein RNA editing holoenzyme with APOBEC1 complementation factor (A1CF). This holoenzyme is involved in the editing of cytosine-to-uracil
APOBEC1
Sequence in a genome
Franziska Bleichert (12 September 2019). "Origins of DNA replication". PLOS Genetics. 15 (9) e1008320. doi:10.1371/JOURNAL.PGEN.1008320. ISSN 1553-7390. PMC 6742236
Origin_of_replication
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
(Nov 2004). "X-linked inheritance of Fanconi anemia complementation group B". Nature Genetics. 36 (11): 1219–1224. doi:10.1038/ng1458. PMID 15502827
FANCL
Protein
variant near the complement factor I gene in susceptibility to age-related macular degeneration". European Journal of Human Genetics. 18 (6): 634–5. doi:10
Complement_factor_I
Chromosome disorder in women
targets for intervention". American Journal of Medical Genetics Part C: Seminars in Medical Genetics. 184 (2): 428–443. doi:10.1002/ajmg.c.31807. PMC 7413625
Trisomy_X
Medical condition
Pyeritz; Bruce R. Korf (15 December 2006). Principles and Practice of Medical Genetics: Continually Updated Online Reference. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 1860–
Complement_4_deficiency
Medical condition
mutations of BRCA1 lead to Fanconi anemia complementation group S, and biallelic mutations of BRCA2 lead to complementation group D1. Approximately 45% of HBOC
Hereditary breast–ovarian cancer syndrome
Hereditary_breast–ovarian_cancer_syndrome
In genetics, dyad symmetry refers to two areas of a DNA strand whose base pair sequences are inverted repeats of each other. They are often described as
Dyad_symmetry
American pharmaceutical company
company was founded in 1995 in The Woodlands, Texas under the name Lexicon Genetics, Incorporated by co-founders Professor Allan Bradley, FRS and Professor
Lexicon_Pharmaceuticals
law of segregation – genetic mosaic – maternal effect – penetrance – complementation – suppression – epistasis – genetic linkage Model organisms: Drosophila
Outline_of_biology
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
family members. Tests for PALB2 have been developed by Ambry Genetics and Myriad Genetics that are now available. Prophylactic mastectomy should be considered
PALB2
Base-4 numeral system
complementary digit pairs 0↔3, and 1↔2 (binary 00↔11 and 01↔10) match the complementation of the base pairs: A↔T and C↔G and can be stored as data in DNA sequence
Quaternary_numeral_system
Reproduction by closely related organisms
in Drosophila". Genetics. 192 (1): 161–72. doi:10.1534/genetics.112.142687. PMC 3430533. PMID 22714404. Livingstone FB (1969). "Genetics, Ecology, and the
Inbreeding
Protein found in humans
"Assignment of complement components C4 binding protein (C4BP) and factor H (FH) to human chromosome 1q, using cDNA probes". Annals of Human Genetics. 52 (2):
Complement_receptor_1
American human geneticist
Genetics and director of the John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics at the University of Miami. She is known for her research on the genetics of
Margaret_Pericak-Vance
Human with cells of different genotypes
Cell experiments using CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing to aid in blastocyst complementation with pluripotent stem cells in various mammals. This included a human-pig
Human_chimera
COMPLEMENTATION GENETICS
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Female
Egyptian
, the associate of Shu.
Female
Slavic
Feminine form of Slavic Vladimir, VLADIMIRA means "peaceful ruler." In use by the Croatians.
Girl/Female
Indian
Firm
Male
English
Anglicized form of Hebrew Towbiyah, TOBIAH means "God is good." In the bible, this is the name of several characters, including a Babylonian exile returnee.Â
Girl/Female
German
Masculine.
Girl/Female
Indian
Bright
Girl/Female
Tamil
Boy/Male
Gujarati, Hindu, Indian
Name of Shiva; Perfect
Male
Romanian
Romanian form of Greek Alexandros, SKENDER means "defender of mankind."
Boy/Male
Arabic, Australian
Thankful
COMPLEMENTATION GENETICS
COMPLEMENTATION GENETICS
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COMPLEMENTATION GENETICS