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Meta-ethical view
Ethical naturalism (also called moral naturalism or naturalistic definism) is a position in metaethics that holds that moral properties or facts are reducible
Ethical_naturalism
Meta-ethical view
Ethical non-naturalism (or moral non-naturalism) is the meta-ethical view which claims that: Ethical sentences express propositions. Some such propositions
Ethical_non-naturalism
Branch of ethics
supervenience) to entirely non-ethical properties. Most ethical naturalists hold that we have empirical knowledge of moral truths. Ethical naturalism was implicitly
Metaethics
Purported fallacy in explaining good reductively
Hume's view of the is–ought problem, Moore (and other proponents of ethical non-naturalism) did not consider the naturalistic fallacy to be at odds with moral
Naturalistic_fallacy
Philosophical position
and non-cognitivism (which denies that moral sentences express propositions at all). Moral realism's two main subdivisions are ethical naturalism and
Moral_realism
Family of views in moral epistemology
Axiological ethics – Ethical theory about values Ethical non-naturalism – Meta-ethical view Moral blindness – Temporary inability to see the ethical aspects of
Ethical_intuitionism
Philosophical study of morality
Retrieved December 31, 2023. FitzPatrick, William J. (2011). "Ethical Non-Naturalism and Normative Properties". In Brady, Michael (ed.). New Waves in
Ethics
Rejection of certain ideas about reality
0010. ISBN 978-0-19-989207-5. FitzPatrick, William J. (2011). "Ethical Non-Naturalism and Normative Properties". In Brady, Michael (ed.). New Waves in
Nihilism
Totality of existing entities
ISBN 978-0-415-25069-6. FitzPatrick, William J. (2011). "Ethical Non-Naturalism and Normative Properties". In Brady, Michael (ed.). New Waves in
Reality
Overview of and topical guide to ethics
naturalism – Meta-ethical view Ethical non-naturalism – Meta-ethical view Moral anti-realism – Opposite position of realism Ethical subjectivism – Philosophical
Outline_of_ethics
English philosopher (1873–1958)
one of the main inspirations of the reaction against ethical naturalism (see ethical non-naturalism) and is partly responsible for the twentieth-century
G._E._Moore
Philosophical worldview rejecting anything supernatural
Metaphysical naturalism (also called ontological naturalism, philosophical naturalism, or antisupernaturalism) is a philosophical worldview that holds
Metaphysical_naturalism
20th-century tradition of Western philosophy
non-natural property. Contemporary philosophers, such as Russ Shafer-Landau in Moral Realism: A Defence (2003), still defend ethical non-naturalism.
Analytic_philosophy
Philosophical tradition of the British people
against idealism'. Moore is best known today for his defence of ethical non-naturalism, common sense, and the paradox that bears his name. He was president
British_philosophy
Systematic study of values
Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-00269-8. FitzPatrick, William J. (2011). "Ethical Non-Naturalism and Normative Properties". In Brady, Michael (ed.). New Waves in
Value_theory
Naturalism in religion
Religious naturalism is a framework for religious orientation in which a naturalist worldview is used to respond to types of questions and aspirations
Religious_naturalism
English philosopher (1944–2014)
That, on his account, provides sufficient grounds for ethical naturalism, the belief that ethical conclusions can be derived from purely-factual premises
Roy_Bhaskar
Class of ethical theories
internal source, such as a set of rules inherent to the universe (ethical naturalism), religious law, or a set of personal or cultural values (any of which
Deontology
Scottish philosopher and translator (1877–1971)
beneficence; non-maleficence; and self-improvement. In any given situation, any number of these prima facie duties may apply. In the case of ethical dilemmas
W._D._Ross
Life stance that embraces human reason, secular ethics, and philosophical naturalism
humanists derive their moral codes from a philosophy of utilitarianism, ethical naturalism, or evolutionary ethics, and some advocate a science of morality.
Secular_humanism
Forms of ethical naturalism
science of ethics or scientific ethics) may refer to various forms of ethical naturalism grounding morality and ethics in rational, empirical or scientific
Science_of_morality
Philosophical school of thought
of non-religious humanism and alternative uses of the word are not one single story." Other terms using "humanism" in their name include: Ethical or religious
Humanism
Combined philosophy of spirituality and naturalism
Spiritual naturalism, or naturalistic spirituality combines a naturalist philosophy with spirituality. Spiritual naturalism may have first been proposed
Spiritual_naturalism
Dutch philosopher (born 1954)
attention in his analysis of naturalism to the understanding of human nature, with two edited volumes on anthropology and non-reductive physicalism in Dutch
Willem_B._Drees
Absence, indifference to, rejection of or hostility towards religion
meaningless because the word "God" has no coherent, unambiguous definition. Naturalism is the idea or belief that only natural (as opposed to supernatural or
Irreligion
Philosophical view that nothing is morally right or wrong
Moral nihilism (also called ethical nihilism) is the metaethical view that nothing is morally right or morally wrong and that morality does not exist
Moral_nihilism
Meta-ethical view
"naturalistic fallacy". Moore was a cognitivist, but his case against ethical naturalism steered other philosophers toward noncognitivism, particularly emotivism
Emotivism
Chance, Philosophy of – Changzhou School of Thought – Charvaka – Chinese naturalism – Christian existentialism – Christian humanism – Christian neoplatonism
List_of_philosophies
1770 work by Paul-Henri Thiry
d'Holbach. The work is notable for making an early case for atheism and ethical naturalism. The work was originally published under the name of Jean-Baptiste
The_System_of_Nature
Absence of espoused belief in a God or gods
Conceptions of God Cultural Christian Ethical culture Falsifiability Freethought God in Jainism Ietsism Jainism and non-creationism Language, Truth, and Logic
Nontheism
Branch of moral philosophy
is related to ethical naturalism, a type of ethical realism. In How Good People Make Tough Choices: Resolving the Dilemmas of Ethical Living, Rushworth
Secular_ethics
Opposition to essentialist appeals to nature
Antinaturalism, or anti-naturalism, is opposition to essentialist appeals to nature or natural order. In political and ethical contexts, the term has been
Antinaturalism_(politics)
Meta-ethical view
is the reasonable person criterion. Brandt, Richard (1959). "Ethical Naturalism". Ethical Theory. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. p. 173. LCCN 59010075
Ideal_observer_theory
Meta-ethical theory
Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Brandt, Richard (1959). "Ethical Naturalism". Ethical Theory. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall. LCCN 59010075. Hooker
Cognitivism_(ethics)
Philosophical positions
Moral relativism or ethical relativism (often reformulated as relativist ethics or relativist morality) is used to describe several philosophical positions
Moral_relativism
Class of philosophies
to move “beyond the human” by focusing on the ethical, epistemological and aesthetic significance of non-human lifeforms Cultural posthumanism: A branch
Posthumanism
Integration of humanist ethical philosophy
humanist life stance as a non-supernatural "religion" and structuring their organization around a congregational model. Ethical Culture and religious humanist
Religious_humanism
of controversial ethical issues emerging from advances in medicine. Environmental ethics – studies ethical issues concerning the non-human world. It exerts
Outline_of_philosophy
German philosopher (born 1954)
in a combination of post-modernism and naturalism. Nida-Rümelin shows that this implicit or explicit naturalism cannot be maintained. He takes the constituency
Julian_Nida-Rümelin
Position that religion should not influence civic and state affairs
Secularism may encapsulate anti-clericalism, atheism, agnosticism, naturalism, non-sectarianism, neutrality on topics of religion, or antireligion. Although
Secularism
Theory that life is meaningless
ethical). To take a "leap of faith," one must act with the "virtue of the absurd" (as Johannes de Silentio put it), where a suspension of the ethical
Absurdism
Ethical theory based on consequences
moral philosophy, consequentialism is a class of normative, teleological ethical theories that holds that the consequences of one's conduct are the ultimate
Consequentialism
British philosopher and economist
and artefacts. Lawson defends a conception of ethics named critical ethical naturalism in which the goal is a society in which we all flourish in our differences
Tony_Lawson
Meta-ethical school of thought
Cornell realists a simple response to the charge that you cannot have naturalism without naturalistic fallacy: namely, that metaphysical reduction doesn't
Cornell_realism
Philosophical problem articulated by David Hume
for causing, some observed result Science of morality – Forms of ethical naturalism Situational ethics – Concept in ethics Aretaic turn Black, Max (1964)
Is–ought_problem
Idea that refutes itself
Plantinga argues in his evolutionary argument against naturalism that the combination of naturalism and evolution is "in a certain interesting way self-defeating"
Self-refuting_idea
Broadening of moral consideration
Albert Schweitzer's ethical philosophy Science of morality – Forms of ethical naturalism Anthis, Jacy; Paez, Eze (2021). "Moral circle expansion: A promising
Moral_circle_expansion
Philosophical question
framework for understanding this phenomenon than metaphysical naturalism. Under realism, non-theistic perspectives might view the alignment of mathematical
Existence_of_God
Revival in the study of Classical antiquity
before and after the Reformation, which was greatly influenced by the work of non-Italian, Northern European figures such as Erasmus, Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples
Renaissance_humanism
Ethical theory based on maximizing well-being
adds that humans tend to be speciesist (discriminatory against non-humans) in ethical matters, and argues that, in utilitarianism, speciesism cannot be
Utilitarianism
New Zealand philosopher (born 1943)
contributions to current debates on moral status, ethical dilemmas, moral emotions, ethical naturalism, human nature, and practical wisdom. Hursthouse was
Rosalind_Hursthouse
House Inc. Retrieved May 7, 2015. MacDonald Glenn, Linda (November 2013). "Ethical Issues in Genetic Engineering and Transgenics". American Institute of Biological
Postnaturalism
more important than traditional moral conduct. Most religions have an ethical component, often derived from purported supernatural revelation or guidance
Ethics_in_religion
Normative ethical theories
development of moral character and dispositions (good habits), contrary to ethical systems that emphasize individual actions, duties, or obedience to divine
Virtue_ethics
American philosopher (born 1963)
anti-Humeanism about reasons for action, mind-independent moral realism, moral non-naturalism, moral rationalism, and reliabilist moral epistemology." Shafer-Landau
Russ_Shafer-Landau
Study of evolution on morality or ethics
to explain moral behavior, but to justify or debunk certain normative ethical theories or claims. For instance, some proponents of normative evolutionary
Evolutionary_ethics
Nonconceptual awareness and interconnectedness
physical deeds and mental states. Neo-Confucianism is primarily a social and ethical philosophy that uses metaphysical ideas, some borrowed from Taoism, as
Nondualism
2026 film by Christopher Nolan
life". He highlighted Bernthal's "ominous" narration with a "touch of naturalism and realism", noting that Odysseus is talked about more than he is depicted
The_Odyssey_(2026_film)
Philosophical tradition
disagreement with most other pragmatists, who advocate a more thorough naturalism and psychologism. Richard Rorty expanded on these and other arguments
Pragmatism
Ethical problem on the origin of morality posed by Socrates
a variety of names, including intellectualism, rationalism, realism, naturalism, and objectivism. Roughly, it is the view that there are independent moral
Euthyphro_dilemma
Indian philosophical tradition within Jainism
passion". According to a Jain ethical text called the Puruşārthasiddhyupāya, "non-manifestation of passions like attachment is non-injury (ahiṃsā), and manifestation
Jain_philosophy
Philosophical approach to understanding science
reality are better than others. Cautious ethical naturalism: Although the is–ought fallacy ought to be avoided, ethical values can be empirically studied. Proponents
Critical realism (philosophy of the social sciences)
Critical_realism_(philosophy_of_the_social_sciences)
American philosopher and theologian (born 1932)
argument against naturalism, he argues that if evolution is true, it undermines naturalism. His basic argument is that if evolution and naturalism are both true
Alvin_Plantinga
Philosophical and social theory critical of traditional humanism
Socialist humanism is similarly an ethical and thus ideological phenomenon. Since its argument rests on a moral and ethical basis, it reflects the reality
Antihumanism
Overview of and topical guide to atheism
hostility towards religion Naturalism – Belief that only natural laws and forces operate in the universe Humanistic naturalism – Life stance that embraces
Outline_of_atheism
reductionism. humanism The range of ethical views that consider human nature to be the source of values. humanistic naturalism The belief that human beings,
Glossary_of_philosophy
Hypothesis proposing monotheism as the original religion of humanity
religion Psychology of religion Religious instinct Religious naturalism Spiritual naturalism The One (Neoplatonism) Smart, Ninian (10 November 2020) [26
Urmonotheismus
Study of general and fundamental questions
non-human animals as food or for research experiments. In relation to business and professional life, philosophy has contributed by providing ethical
Philosophy
Creator god who is no longer involved in the universe
noncognitivism Naturalistic pantheism Nontheistic religion Religious naturalism Spiritual naturalism The One (Neoplatonism) Urmonotheismus Doniger, Wendy; Eliade
Deus_otiosus
German-born British philosopher (1864-1937)
spartan landscape of naturalism and the speculative excesses of the metaphysics of his time. In Riddles Schiller both, (1) accuses naturalism (which he also
F._C._S._Schiller
Philosophical argument
facts cannot be reduced to natural properties and that therefore ethical naturalism is false. Put another way, Moore is saying that any definition of
Open-question_argument
Application of ethical principles to economic phenomena
and model economic phenomena. It can be summarized as the theoretical ethical prerequisites and foundations of economic systems. This principle can be
Economic_ethics
Philosophical traditions of Hinduism and the Vedas
Vaisheshika (वैषेशिक) is an offshoot of Nyaya concerned with atomism and naturalism; Mimamsa (मीमांसा) is a school justifying ritual, faith, and religious
Hindu_philosophy
Form of pantheism
Deism Gaia hypothesis Metaphysical naturalism Naturalism (philosophy) Philosophical realism Religious naturalism Cooper, John W. (1 November 2006). Panentheism:
Naturalistic_pantheism
Religious thought and practice independent of belief in deities
as such there are no gods or supernaturalisms in its belief. Religious naturalism and Secular paganism are both umbrella terms encompassing a wide variety
Nontheistic_religion
Type of cooperative argumentative dialogue
Socrates uses to investigate, for example, the nature or definition of ethical concepts such as justice or virtue. According to Gregory Vlastos, it has
Socratic_method
Traditionally Chinese religious and philosophical tradition
upon diverse influences, including the Shang and Zhou state religions, Naturalism, Mohism, Confucianism, various Legalist theories, as well as the I Ching
Taoism
Absence of belief in the existence of deities; the opposite of theism
arguing for naturalism is an argument for atheism since naturalism and theism "cannot both be true". Fiona Ellis describes the "expansive naturalism" of John
Atheism
Philosophical concept
interpretation of quantum mechanics. Moral realism is the position that ethical sentences express propositions that refer to objective features of the
Philosophical_realism
Argument for the existence of God
evolutionary naturalism still act as if objective moral truths exist, leading Lewis to reject naturalism as incoherent. As an alternative ethical theory, Lewis
Argument_from_morality
Art in Egypt from 3400 BC to 300 AD
naso-labial folds ...etc. resulting into sometimes ugly, inelegant effect. Naturalism in art, the accurate depiction of the visual appearance of things, is
Portraiture_in_ancient_Egypt
Ancient philosophy
Stoics hoped to cultivate their rational powers, to more easily enable ethical reflection, permit secure and confident arguing, and lead themselves to
Stoicism
School of Marxist theory
were largely in agreement that the transformation of capitalism was an ethical project. During the 1980s, a debate had developed within Anglophone academia
Analytical_Marxism
Philosophical and theological school of thought
of personhood, he stood firmly against certain forms of philosophical naturalism (including social Darwinism) which sought to reduce the value of persons
Personalism
logic A branch of logic that deals with the study of value, including ethical and aesthetic values, often in the context of modal logic. axiom A statement
Glossary_of_logic
1945 book by Karl Popper
critical dualism, namely biological naturalism, ethical or juridical positivism, and psychological or spiritual naturalism, which combine elements of magical
The Open Society and Its Enemies
The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies
Positive trait or quality deemed to be morally good
progressively took on shades of ethical meaning. Some scholars consider the virtues identified in early Confucianism as non-theistic philosophy. The Daoist
Virtue
Philosophy dealing with absurdity of existence
the religious (although he would not agree that it was ethical; the religious suspends the ethical), and Jean-Paul Sartre's final words in Being and Nothingness
Existentialism
Speech to oneself
when playwrights used it as a means to explore complex human emotions and ethical dilemmas. William Shakespeare employed soliloquies extensively in his plays
Soliloquy
Term in Martin Heidegger's philosophy
realist acceptance of the world as it is and to move towards a political, ethical and planned reality of subjectivity in semiotic relations with the world
Dasein
Approach to understanding the relationship between text and meaning
is an intrinsically ethical practice. Critchley argues that deconstruction involves an openness to the Other that makes it ethical in the Levinasian understanding
Deconstruction
American philosopher (born 1961)
S2CID 145275159. "'Humanity's Darkest Evil': The Lethal Destructiveness of Non-Objective Law" in Mayhew, Robert, ed. (2009). Essays on Ayn Rand's Atlas
Tara_Smith_(philosopher)
Teachers of 5th century BC Greece
influence on a number of spheres, including the growth of knowledge and on ethical-political theory. Their teachings had a huge influence on thought in the
Sophist
Branch of ethics
can be perceived both as ethical and non-ethical in the field of information ethics. Those who believe censorship is ethical say the practice prevents
Information_ethics
Unwavering attachment to a set of irreducible beliefs
Shugden by receiving teachings from non-Gelug schools, and thus initiated a revival movement that opposed the mixing of non-Gelug practices by Gelug practitioners
Fundamentalism
Concern for the well-being of others
qualify as "benefits". The term altruism can also refer to a deontological ethical doctrine that claims that individuals are morally obliged to benefit others
Altruism
Academic shorthand for an individualized, eclectic system of religious belief
Moralistic therapeutic deism Natural religion New Age Non-denominational Omnism Religious naturalism Religious syncretism Secular Buddhism Self religion
Sheilaism
American biologist (born 1943)
February 2024. Retrieved 31 July 2026. "Ursula Goodenough". Religious Naturalism. Retrieved 2024-08-08. Biology, Department of (2018-06-28). "Ursula Goodenough"
Ursula_Goodenough
Computer composed of organic material
new naturalism based on the growth of natural and synthetic organisms and systems, and a path-breaking science with very serious political, ethical and
Wetware_computer
Systematic framework for addressing philosophical questions
theory of justice. Ethical theory and meta-ethics; positions about the nature and purpose of ethical statements, such as the ethical theory of Immanuel
Philosophical_theory
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