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Concept in statistical mechanics
In statistical mechanics, the excitation temperature (Tex) quantifies the relative population of two energy levels in a system of particles. It is defined
Excitation_temperature
Superconductive behavior at temperatures much higher than absolute zero
High-temperature superconductivity (high-Tc or HTS) is superconductivity in materials with a critical temperature (the temperature below which the material
High-temperature superconductivity
High-temperature_superconductivity
Quantum state of a system
This return to a lower energy level is known as de-excitation and is the inverse of excitation. Long-lived excited states are often called metastable
Excited_state
Concept in condensed matter physics
independent. Usually, an elementary excitation is called a "quasiparticle" if it is a fermion and a "collective excitation" if it is a boson. However, the
Quasiparticle
Chemical compound
between excitation temperature and density. Moreover, since the transitional levels of ammonia can be approximated by a 2-level system at low temperatures, this
Ammonia
Neutral form of the hydroxide ion
suffer from these problems. Unlike HI, molecules generally have an excitation temperature Tex << Tkin, so that emission is very weak even from abundant species
Hydroxyl_radical
Physiological and psychological changes in preparation for sexual intercourse
Excitation and inhibition of behavior act at various levels of this hierarchical structure. For instance, an external stimulus may directly excite sexual
Sexual_arousal
Wouthuysen–Field effect, is a mechanism that couples the excitation temperature, also called the spin temperature, of neutral hydrogen to Lyman-alpha radiation.
Wouthuysen–Field_coupling
Physical phenomenon
Initially, as the temperature of the pan is just below 100 °C (212 °F), the water flattens out and slowly evaporates, or if the temperature of the pan is
Leidenfrost_effect
Planetary nebula in the constellation Aquarius
Asymptotic Giant Branch. The excitation temperature varies across the Helix nebula. The rotational-vibrational temperature ranges from 1800 K in a cometary
Helix_Nebula
Stellar system in the constellation Carina
brightening towards the poles. In contrast the spectrum shows a higher excitation temperature closer to the equatorial plane. By implication the outer envelope
Eta_Carinae
Human body core temperature below 35 °C (95 °F)
Hypothermia is defined as a body core temperature below 35.0 °C (95.0 °F) in humans. Symptoms depend on the temperature. In mild hypothermia, there is shivering
Hypothermia
Concept in polymer physics
the concept of time-temperature superposition. Consider a viscoelastic body that is subjected to dynamic loading. If the excitation frequency is low enough
Time–temperature superposition
Time–temperature_superposition
Light emission from substances after they absorb photons
initiated by photoexcitation, where photons excite electrons to a higher energy level in an atom. After excitation, various mechanisms release the absorbed
Photoluminescence
Device for measuring temperature
temperatures. In contrast to most other methods of temperature measurement, thermocouples are self-powered and require no external form of excitation
Thermocouple
Type of electromagnetic spectroscopy
excitation measurement the detection wavelength is fixed and the excitation wavelength is varied across a region of interest to produce an excitation
Fluorescence_spectroscopy
Statistical mechanics model for ultrafast carrier relaxation
absorption of energy from an ultrashort pulse. After excitation, while the electronic temperature rises almost instantaneously, the lattice remains relatively
Two_temperature_model
Excited atomic quantum state with high principal quantum number (n)
collisional excitation can make up the energy shortfall allowing optical excitation to be used to select the final state. Although the initial step excites to
Rydberg_atom
Protoplanetary nebula in the constellation Centaurus
negative temperatures seen in the CO and 13CO J 1–0 spectra, so these must result from absorption of the microwave background, requiring the excitation temperature
Boomerang_Nebula
Electronic oscillator circuit
increasing the temperature is not equal to the frequency on the same temperature achieved by decreasing the temperature. The temperature sensitivity depends
Crystal_oscillator
Wave which propagates through a magnetic material
correspond roughly to the phonon excitations of the nuclear lattice. As temperature is increased, the thermal excitation of spin waves reduces a ferromagnet's
Spin_wave
Light energy absorbance and re-emission
emitting light within nanoseconds (billionths of a second) after the excitation radiation is removed, while phosphorescent materials may continue to emit
Phosphorescence
Method to characterize materials
The impulse excitation technique (IET) is a non-destructive material characterization technique to determine the elastic properties and internal friction
Impulse_excitation_technique
Raised body temperature caused by disease
mechanism that appears with body temperature exceeding the normal range caused by an increase in the body's temperature set point in the hypothalamus. There
Fever
Device converting mechanical into electrical energy
from a battery for initial excitation upon start-up, after which the alternator becomes self-excited. This method of excitation consists of a smaller alternating-current
Alternator
Study of the 3D shapes of molecules
exp(−ΔE/kT), where ΔE is the excitation energy of the vibrational mode, k the Boltzmann constant and T the absolute temperature. At 298 K (25 °C), typical
Molecular_geometry
Electrical conductivity with exactly zero resistance
gradually as its temperature is lowered, even down to near absolute zero, a superconductor has a characteristic critical temperature below which the resistance
Superconductivity
Collisional excitation is a process in which the kinetic energy of a collision partner is converted into the internal energy of a reactant species. In
Collisional_excitation
Quasiparticle in condensed matter physics
excitation of the two bands was not a new type of excitation, it was simply the plasmon, an excitation proposed earlier by David Pines and David Bohm in
Pines'_demon
State of matter at low temperatures
velocity of the excitations he could then define a "normal fluid" density, which is zero at zero temperature and increases with temperature. At the so-called
Superfluid_helium-4
Material phase change
kinetic energy, but because of changes of the interatomic potential due to excitation of electrons. Since electrons are acting like a glue sticking atoms together
Melting
Photons that excite electrons to a higher energy level in an atom
resonances in nuclei. Electron excitation Photon Photochemistry Photoelectrochemistry Photovoltaic effect Two temperature model Griffiths, David Jeffrey
Photoexcitation
Speed that exceeds five times the speed of sound (Mach 5 and above)
needed] High temperatures due to a manifestation of viscous dissipation cause non-equilibrium chemical flow properties such as vibrational excitation and dissociation
Hypersonic_speed
Method of enriching uranium
Separation of isotopes by laser excitation (SILEX) is an experimental process for producing enriched uranium. It is strongly suspected that SILEX utilizes
Separation of isotopes by laser excitation
Separation_of_isotopes_by_laser_excitation
Speed of sound wave through elastic medium
room temperature, where thermal energy is fully partitioned into rotation (rotations are fully excited) but quantum effects prevent excitation of vibrational
Speed_of_sound
Thermal electromagnetic radiation
over all possible radiation wavelengths that depends only on the body's temperature. A perfectly-insulated enclosure which is in thermal equilibrium internally
Black-body_radiation
Instrument which indicates force strength
a configuration of four balanced resistors with a known excitation voltage applied. Excitation voltage V EX {\displaystyle V_{\text{EX}}} is a known constant
Load_cell
Elementary particle involved with rest mass
particle in the Standard Model of particle physics produced by the quantum excitation of the Higgs field, one of the fields in particle physics theory. In the
Higgs_boson
What is perceived after a physiological stimulus
example, the temperature modality is registered after heat or cold stimulate a receptor. Some sensory modalities include: light, sound, temperature, taste,
Stimulus_modality
Broadband light in the visible spectral range
LIWE under strong excitation. Recently reported mechanism assumes ionization of the graphene associated with intense NIR excitation, which leads to a
Laser_induced_white_emission
Type of electrical transformer
stator consists of a primary excitation coil and a pair of secondary output coils. A fixed alternating current excitation is applied to the primary stator
Rotary variable differential transformer
Rotary_variable_differential_transformer
symmetry Excimer laser Excitable medium Excitation function Excitation (magnetic) Excitation spectrum Excitation temperature Excited state Exciton Exclusion area
Index_of_physics_articles_(E)
Chemical analysis technique
the excitation source (electron beam or x-ray beam) the X-ray detector the pulse processor the analyzer. [citation needed] Electron beam excitation is
Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
Energy-dispersive_X-ray_spectroscopy
Global electromagnetic resonances, generated and excited by lightning discharges
are considered to be the primary natural source of Schumann resonance excitation; lightning channels behave like huge antennas that radiate electromagnetic
Schumann_resonances
Heat required to raise the temperature of a given unit of mass of a substance
of mass of the substance in order to cause an increase of one unit in temperature. It is also referred to as massic heat capacity or as the specific heat
Specific_heat_capacity
Spectroscopic technique
respect to excitation-detection geometries, combination with other techniques, use of special (polarizing) optics and specific choice of excitation wavelengths
Raman_spectroscopy
1984 video game
used for too long, forcing an immobile cooldown period. The engine's temperature can be reset by driving over arrows located along the course. The player
Excitebike
Materials testing procedure
ultrasonic horn or other sources can be used as the excitation source for the IRNDT. The excitation causes a tested material thermal response, which is
Active_thermography
System of identifying electrical power devices
Detector 29 - Isolating Contactor 30 - Annunciator Relay 31 - Separate Excitation Device 32 - Directional Power Relay 32L - Low Forward Power 32H - High
ANSI_device_numbers
Direct conversion of temperature differences to electric voltage and vice versa
The thermoelectric effect is the direct conversion of temperature differences to electric voltage and vice versa via a thermocouple. A thermoelectric
Thermoelectric_effect
Trace radiation from the early universe
of the cosmic microwave background temperature. Measurements of TCMB at high redshift from carbon monoxide excitation". Astronomy and Astrophysics. 526:
Cosmic_microwave_background
Heat-sustained chemical process which decomposes water into hydrogen and oxygen
of the excitation levels of these last species are above the ones of water. Then, the density of the excitation levels for a given temperature range is
Thermochemical_cycle
Electronic component used to measure strain
SV=EV{\frac {GF\cdot \epsilon }{4}}} where E V {\displaystyle EV} is the bridge excitation voltage. Foil gauges typically have active areas of about 2–10 mm2 in
Strain_gauge
Chemical compound
intracellular storages). The dye is highly solvatochromic and its emission and excitation wavelength both shift depending on solvent polarity and in polar media
Nile_red
Strongest type of permanent magnet from an alloy of neodymium, iron and boron
Electric generators for wind turbines (only those with permanent magnet excitation) Retail media case decouplers[clarification needed] In process industries
Neodymium_magnet
Electric current generation from light
photoelectric effect. For both phenomena, light is absorbed, causing excitation of an electron or other charge carrier to a higher-energy state. The main
Photovoltaic_effect
Laser cooling technique
equivalent to cooling the atoms. The Doppler temperature (Doppler cooling limit) is the minimum temperature achievable with Doppler cooling. When a photon
Doppler_cooling
Load caused by rapid temperature change
Thermal shock is a type of thermal stress caused by a sudden change in temperature. It is a common mode of failure when a hot meets cold, such as pouring
Thermal_shock
Quasiparticles arising from EM wave coupling
electromagnetic waves (photon) with an electric or magnetic dipole-carrying excitation (state) of solid or liquid matter (such as a phonon, plasmon, or an exciton)
Polariton
Spontaneous emission of light by a substance
Incandescence emerges at high temperatures due to thermal radiation; in contrast, because luminescence is often independent of temperature, it is sometimes termed
Luminescence
Galaxy in the constellation Microscopium
likely line opacity correction, the lines are found to have an excitation temperature and flux ratio amidst v 2 = 1f and v = 0. Additionally, a broad
ESO_286-19
Type of electrical rectifier with a liquid cathode
small excitation anodes. A magnetically shunted transformer of a few hundred VA rating is commonly used to provide this supply. This excitation or keep-alive
Mercury-arc_valve
Visible, gaseous part of a fire
sufficient density, they are then considered plasma.[vague] Color and temperature of a flame are dependent on the type of fuel involved in the combustion
Flame
Electrical resonant transformer circuit invented by Nikola Tesla
overloads. In general, continuous excitation produces lower output voltages from a given input power than pulsed excitation. Tesla circuits can also be classified
Tesla_coil
Point defect in diamonds
longer than ~650 nm, as higher-energy excitation ionizes the center. The first continuous-wave room-temperature maser has been demonstrated. It used 532-nm
Nitrogen-vacancy_center
Manipulation of an analog signal into a form suitable for further processing
external voltage or current source of excitation, These sensors are called active sensors. (E.g. a temperature sensor like a thermistor & RTD, a pressure
Signal_conditioning
Material of moderate electrical conductivity
opposite carrier is called the minority carrier, which exists due to thermal excitation at a much lower concentration compared to the majority carrier. For example
Semiconductor
Phase of matter
excitations with fractional quantum numbers. A prominent example is the excitation of spinons which are neutral in charge and carry spin S = 1 / 2 {\displaystyle
Quantum_spin_liquid
Energy range in a solid where no electron states exist
as an insulator at T=0K, but allows thermal excitation of electrons into its conduction band at temperatures that are below its melting point. In contrast
Band_gap
Extremely accurate clock in development
sufficiently low excitation energy (below 100 eV). These are 229m Th, a metastable nuclear excited state of the isotope thorium-229 with an excitation energy of
Nuclear_clock
State of matter
diatomic molecules and noble gases. At more than double that temperature, electronic excitation and dissociation of the gas particles begins to occur causing
Gas
Uranium processed to increase the percentage of uranium-235
by laser excitation (SILEX) is well developed and is licensed for commercial operation as of 2012. Separation of isotopes by laser excitation is a very
Enriched_uranium
State of steady internal conditions maintained by living things
excitation and inhibition. Inhibitory neurons using GABA, make compensating changes in the neuronal networks preventing runaway levels of excitation.
Homeostasis
Sudden appearance of magnetic order in cold substances
decrease in spontaneous magnetization at higher temperatures is caused by the increasing excitation of spin waves. In a particle description, the spin
Spontaneous_magnetization
Mechanical property that measures stiffness of a solid material
Bending stiffness Deformation (engineering) Flexural modulus Impulse excitation technique List of materials properties Yield (engineering) The Rational
Young's_modulus
Fluid which flows without losing kinetic energy
shells. The vortex rings act as 'phantom propellers' leading to very rich excitation dynamics. — Lene Hau, SIAM Conference on Nonlinear Waves and Coherent
Superfluidity
Model of a crystalline solid
\left(n+{1 \over 2}\right)} where the n of SHO is usually interpreted as the excitation state of the oscillating mass but here n is usually interpreted as the
Einstein_solid
Gas made of free atoms
atom in a monatomic gas is translation (electronic excitation is not important at room temperature). Thus by the equipartition theorem, the kinetic energy
Monatomic_gas
Type of dense exotic matter in physics
Pauli exclusion principle significantly alters a state of matter at low temperature. The term is used in astrophysics to refer to dense stellar objects such
Degenerate_matter
Third planet from the Sun
graphic: Annual global mean surface temperature data from: "Global temperature / Get the data / Global mean temperature / NOAAGlobalTemp / Download as CSV"
Earth
Device that converts energy from one form to another
transducers require an external power source to operate, which is called an excitation signal. The signal is modulated by the sensor to produce an output signal
Transducer
Molecule composed of any two atoms
given below). The excitation energy must be greater than or equal to the energy of the electronic state in order for the excitation to occur. In quantum
Diatomic_molecule
Full range of electromagnetic radiation frequencies
studying the temperature of different colours by moving a thermometer through light split by a prism. He noticed that the highest temperature was beyond
Electromagnetic_spectrum
State of matter
interplay of electronic and nuclear spins: at ultra-low temperatures and corresponding excitation energies, the half-integer total spin of the electronic
Bose–Einstein_condensate
determined the excitation energy to be 8.338±0.024 eV. In April 2024, two separate groups finally reported precision laser excitation Th4+ cations doped
Isotopes_of_thorium
Non-crystalline solid
substances at high temperatures of glass transition and at low temperatures towards absolute zero. From the 1970s, low-temperature properties of amorphous
Amorphous_solid
Specification of color hue and saturation
the latter is alternatively called saturation, chroma, intensity, or excitation purity. This number of parameters follows from trichromacy of vision of
Chromaticity
Proposed superconducting material
published preprints claiming that it acted as a room-temperature superconductor at temperatures of up to 400 K (127 °C; 260 °F) at ambient pressure. Many
LK-99
Pattern of oscillating motion in a system
"normal" in the sense that they move independently. An excitation of one mode will never cause excitation of a different mode. In mathematical terms, normal
Normal_mode
Physical model of propagating energy
infrared are due to modes of vibrational excitation in water vapor. However, at energies too low to excite water vapor, the atmosphere becomes transparent
Electromagnetic_radiation
Group of medical conditions characterized by irregular heartbeat
other and then stopping. Every cardiac cell can transmit impulses of excitation in every direction but will do so only once within a short time. Normally
Arrhythmia
Form of magnetism
nanoparticles, magnetization can randomly flip direction under the influence of temperature. The typical time between two flips is called the Néel relaxation time
Superparamagnetism
Super Jupiter orbiting Beta Pictoris
a radius and mass greater than that of the planet Jupiter. It has a temperature of 1,629 K (1,356 °C; 2,473 °F), most likely due to its dusty atmosphere
Beta_Pictoris_b
Less harmful range of electromagnetic energy
non-ionizing electromagnetic radiation has sufficient energy only for excitation (the movement of an electron to a higher energy state). Non-ionizing radiation
Non-ionizing_radiation
Spin states of hydrogen
lower energy state than orthohydrogen. At room temperature and thermal equilibrium, thermal excitation causes hydrogen to consist of approximately 75%
Spin_isomers_of_hydrogen
Ratio of shear stress to shear strain
G=\lim _{t\to \infty }G(t)} . Elasticity tensor Dynamic modulus Impulse excitation technique Shear strength Seismic moment IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical
Shear_modulus
Release of an atoms or molecules from a surface
required for this process, this suggests the atom cannot desorb at low excitation energies, which agrees with experimental data on electron simulated desorption
Desorption
Type of electric motor
is a type of electric motor that uses permanent magnets for the field excitation and a wound armature. The permanent magnets can either be stationary or
Permanent_magnet_motor
Concept in physics
as another photon. The excitation and de-excitation involve the redistribution of electrons about the molecule. Hence, excitation by a photon can occur
Fluorescence_anisotropy
Industrial process
collisions. Three different processes can occur because of this collisions: Excitation Dissociation Ionization Different species are present in the plasma such
Plasma_etching
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