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Amino acid and neurotransmitter
Glutamic acid (symbol Glu or E; known as glutamate in its anionic form), molecular formula C 5H 9NO 4, is an α-amino acid that is used by almost all organisms
Glutamic_acid
Generic name for flavor-enhancing compounds based on glutamic acid and its salts
flavor-enhancing compounds based on glutamic acid and its salts (glutamates). These compounds provide a savory taste to food. Glutamic acid and glutamates are natural
Glutamate_flavoring
Enzyme
decarboxylase or glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) is an enzyme that catalyzes the decarboxylation of glutamate to gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and carbon
Glutamate_decarboxylase
Vitamin
linkage to either glutamic acid or poly-glutamate. The pterin ring can be in three levels of reduction: no hydrogens (as in folic acid), two hydrogens (as
Folate
Chemical compound
Polyglutamic acid (PGA) is a polymer of the amino acid glutamic acid (GA). Depending on where the individual monomers connect, PGA can be gamma PGA (poly-γ-glutamic
Polyglutamic_acid
Flavor enhancer (621 or E621)
glutamate, is a sodium salt of glutamic acid. MSG is found naturally in some foods including tomatoes and cheese in this glutamic acid form, and is used in cooking
Monosodium_glutamate
Enzyme involved in amino acid metabolism
natural amino acid, L-aspartic acid and α-ketoglutaric acid to give oxaloacetic acid and L-glutamic acid.: Aspartic acid + α-Ketoglutaric acid
Aspartate_transaminase
Amino acid
at the N-termini of alpha helices. Aspartic acid, like glutamic acid, is classified as an acidic amino acid, with a pKa of 3.9; however, in a peptide this
Aspartic_acid
Organic compound with two –COOH groups
are found in nature. Aspartic acid and glutamic acid are two amino acids found in all life. Succinic and fumaric acids are essential for metabolism. A
Dicarboxylic_acid
Mammalian protein
earlier referred to as serum glutamate-pyruvate transaminase (GPT) or serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), is a transaminase enzyme (EC 2.6.1.2) that
Alanine_transaminase
Chemical compound
acid (or the conjugate base, carboxyglutamate), is an uncommon amino acid introduced into proteins by a post-translational carboxylation of glutamic acid
Carboxyglutamic_acid
Study of the microorganisms that inhabit, create, or contaminate food
brown seaweeds such as Laminaria hyperborea or L. japonica. Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) produced by various strains of Bacillus has potential applications
Food_microbiology
Amino acid that is incorporated biosynthetically into proteins during translation
L-Arginine (Arg / R) L-Asparagine (Asn / N) L-Aspartic acid (Asp / D) L-Cysteine (Cys / C) L-Glutamic acid (Glu / E) L-Glutamine (Gln / Q) Glycine (Gly / G)
Proteinogenic_amino_acid
Chemical data page
Standard temperature and pressure. Reliability of data general note. ^a CID 23327 from PubChem (D-glutamic acid) ^a CID 33032 from PubChem (L-glutamic acid)
Glutamic_acid_(data_page)
Amino acid
γ-glutamylethylamide, is a bioactive, non-proteinogenic amino acid similar to the proteinogenic amino acids glutamic acid and L-glutamine. It is produced by certain plants
Theanine
Organic compounds containing amine and carboxylic groups
asparagine, Glx for glutamic acid and glutamine, Xle and J for leucine and isoleucine, and Xaa (Unk) and X for unspecified (unknown) amino acid. "Sequence Variant
Amino_acid
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
carboxypeptidase G, folic acid conjugase, poly(gamma-glutamic acid) endohydrolase, polyglutamate hydrolase, poly(glutamic acid) hydrolase II, pteroylpoly-gamma-glutamyl
Gamma-glutamyl_hydrolase
Anion of glutamic acid in its role as a neurotransmitter
glutamate receptor expression. Glutamic acid has been implicated in epileptic seizures. Microinjection of glutamic acid into neurons produces spontaneous
Glutamate_(neurotransmitter)
Chemical compound
glutamate and acetylornithine by ornithine acetyltransferase, and from glutamic acid and acetyl-CoA by the enzyme N-acetylglutamate synthase. The reverse
N-Acetylglutamic_acid
Class of enzymes
oxaloacetate, or alpha-ketoglutarate, giving alanine, aspartic acid, or glutamic acid, respectively. Many transamination reactions occur in tissues, catalysed
Transaminase
Chemical compound
prenylation of L-glutamic acid with dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) to form the intermediate N-dimethylallyl-l-glutamic acid (prekainic acid). KabC then
Kainic_acid
Amino acids required in diet since they can not be synthesized in body
aspartic acid, asparagine, glutamic acid, serine, and selenocysteine (considered the 21st amino acid). Pyrrolysine (considered the 22nd amino acid), which
Essential_amino_acid
Chemical compound
in which the free amino group of glutamic acid or glutamine cyclizes to form a lactam. The names of pyroglutamic acid conjugate base, anion, salts, and
Pyroglutamic_acid
Chemical compound
megaloblastic anemia. Tetrahydrofolic acid is involved in the conversion of formiminoglutamic acid to glutamic acid; this may reduce the amount of histidine
Tetrahydrofolic_acid
Amino acid with a branched carbon chain
L-arginine, L-aspartic acid, L-cysteine hydrochloride monodhydrate, L-glutamic acid, glycine, L-histidine, L-lysine, L-methionine, L-phenylalanine, L-proline
Branched-chain_amino_acid
One of the five basic tastes
Tokyo scientifically identified umami as a distinct taste attributed to glutamic acid. As a result, in 1909, Ikeda and Saburōsuke Suzuki founded Ajinomoto
Umami
Species of bacterium
most popular biological weapons. The protein capsule (poly-D-gamma-glutamic acid) is key to evasion of the immune response. It feeds on the heme of blood
Bacillus_anthracis
American biochemist (1912–1998)
L-glutamic acid heated in an oil bath. DL-aspartic acid and an amino acid mixture were added to the L-glutamic acid and heated for three hours in the oil bath
Sidney_W._Fox
Traditional Japanese seasoning
more than imported barley. Containing glutamic acid and aromatic compounds such as ferulic acid and vanillic acid, barley miso is distinguished by a characteristic
Miso
Chemical compound
Formiminoglutamic acid (FIGLU; conjugate base, formiminoglutamate) is an intermediate in the catabolism of L-histidine to L-glutamic acid. It thus is also
Formiminoglutamic_acid
Amino acids not naturally encoded in the genome
Carboxyglutamic acid. Whereas glutamic acid possess one γ-carboxyl group, Carboxyglutamic acid possess two. Hydroxyproline. This imino acid differs from
Non-proteinogenic_amino_acids
Blue-green algal genus used in food
is about 8% by weight. The polyunsaturated fatty acids include gamma-linolenic acid and linoleic acid. In contrast to the "high" content reported in a
Spirulina (dietary supplement)
Spirulina_(dietary_supplement)
File format for DNA or protein sequences
representing either nucleotide sequences or amino acid (protein) sequences, in which nucleotides or amino acids are represented using single-letter codes. The
FASTA_format
Chemical compound
N-Methyl-l-glutamic acid (methylglutamate) is a chemical derivative of glutamic acid in which a methyl group has been added to the amino group. It is
N-Methyl-L-glutamic_acid
Group of proteolytic enzymes
Glutamic proteases are a group of proteolytic enzymes containing a glutamic acid residue within the active site. This type of protease was first described
Glutamic_protease
Genetic variant
mutation of the BRAF gene in which valine (V) is substituted by glutamic acid (E) at amino acid 600. It is a driver mutation in a proportion of certain diagnoses
V600E
Amino acid
an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins. Its side chain is similar to that of glutamic acid, except the carboxylic acid group is replaced
Glutamine
Savoury spread
contains free glutamic acid, the monosodium salt of which being monosodium glutamate. Currently, the main ingredients of Marmite are glutamic acid-rich yeast
Marmite
Neurological disorder
antibodies in the condition became clearer. SPS patients generally have glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) antibodies, which seldom occur in the general population
Stiff-person_syndrome
Medical condition
diagnosis, and has autoantibodies in the blood. It is recommended that glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody (GADA), islet cell autoantibody (ICA),
Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults
Latent_autoimmune_diabetes_in_adults
Class of enzymes
reaction: GABA + α-ketoglutaric acid ⇌ {\displaystyle \rightleftharpoons } succinate semialdehyde + L-glutamic acid The two substrates of this enzyme
4-Aminobutyrate_transaminase
Low molecular weight compound
mannopine through the formation of a lactone. Agropinic acid Agropinic acid (N-1-(D-mannityl)-L-glutamic acid lactam) is produced by crown gall tumors. Belongs
Opine
Inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain
; Frankel, S. (November 1950). "gamma-Aminobutyric acid in brain: its formation from glutamic acid". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 187 (1): 55–63
GABA
Food additive used to change its aroma or taste
possible reactions. They also contribute peptides, free amino acids, and nucleic acid metabolites that all play a role in the natural taste of meat.
Flavoring
Organic compounds with a –COOH group and a C=O group
Krebs cycle. alpha-ketoglutaric acid, a 5-carbon ketoacid derived from glutamic acid. Alpha-ketoglutarate participates in cell signaling by functioning as
Keto_acid
Chemical compound
acid (MGDA), and L-Glutamic acid N,N-diacetic acid, tetrasodium salt (GLDA). Commercially used since 1998, iminodisuccinic acid (IDS) biodegrades by
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic_acid
Type of amino acid
acids are: Alanine Arginine Asparagine Aspartic acid Cysteine Glutamic acid Glutamine Glycine Histidine Methionine Proline Serine Valine Amino acids that
Glucogenic_amino_acid
Enzyme that converts glutamine into glutamate
reaction in which the amino acid, glutamine, is hydrolysed to L-glutamic acid and ammonia: glutamine H2O NH3 L-glutamic acid This reaction is useful
Glutaminase
Mushroom
Shimeji is rich in umami-tasting compounds such as guanylic acid, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid. Several species are sold as shimeji mushrooms. All are
Shimeji
Edible kelp
Kikunae Ikeda through his experimentation with kombu. He found that glutamic acid was responsible for the palatability of the dashi broth created from
Kombu
Medical condition
a glutamic acid-specific serine protease with concentrated specificity. Which results in the cleavage of human Dsg1 at a unique site after glutamic acid
Bullous_impetigo
Chemical compound
(S)-2-aminoadipic acid + NADH α-Aminoadipate is then transaminated with α-ketoglutaric acid to give 2-oxooadipic acid and L-glutamic acid, respectively
Α-Aminoadipic_acid
Loop diuretic medication
medications: Aspirin and other salicylates Other diuretics (e.g. ethacrynic acid, hydrochlorothiazide) Synergistic effects with other antihypertensives (e
Furosemide
Food product from processed yeast
extracts and fermented foods contain glutamic acid (free glutamates), an amino acid which adds an umami flavor. Glutamic acid is found in meat, cheese, fungi
Yeast_extract
Organic compound used in plastics manufacture
ammoxidation to give acrylonitrile. The glutamic acid route employs oxidative decarboxylation to 3-cyanopropanoic acid, followed by a decarbonylation-elimination
Acrylonitrile
Type of deactivated yeast
concentrating the water-soluble yeast cell proteins which are rich in glutamic acid, nucleotides, and peptides, the flavor compounds responsible for umami
Nutritional_yeast
Tea
in 1984 and successfully produced a new type tea in which almost all glutamic acid has been converted to GABA without changing the content of catechin
GABA_tea
Redundancy of codons in the genetic code
For instance, the amino acid glutamic acid is specified by GAA and GAG codons (difference in the third position); the amino acid leucine is specified by
Codon_degeneracy
Chemical compound
salt of glutamic acid. It is used as a flavoring agent to impart umami flavor. Disodium glutamate can be produced by neutralizing glutamic acid with two
Disodium_glutamate
Chemical compound
dioxygenase), and dabD (CYP450). Domoic acid biosynthesis begins with the DabA-catalyzed geranylation of L-glutamic acid (L-Glu) with geranyl pyrophosphate
Domoic_acid
Naturally occurring glutamate receptor agonist neurotoxin
researchers speculate that ibotenic acid itself may have stimulant-like properties. Ibotenic acid is biosynthesized from glutamic acid by hydroxylation catalyzed
Ibotenic_acid
Chemical compound
It is a magnesium acid salt of glutamic acid. It has the E number E625 and is used in foods as a flavor enhancer. L-Glutamic acid hemimagnesium salt
Magnesium_diglutamate
Type of biochemical process
biochemical processes responsible for the synthesis of proteins and amino acids (anabolism), and the breakdown of proteins by catabolism. The steps of protein
Protein_metabolism
sequences. The abbreviation HDEL is as follows. H—Histidine D—Aspartic acid E—Glutamic acid L—Leucine Three letter code is: His-Asp-Glu-Leu. Denecke J.; De Rycke
HDEL_(amino_acid_sequence)
Clear liquid inside coconuts
g Arginine 0.118 g Histidine 0.017 g Alanine 0.037 g Aspartic acid 0.070 g Glutamic acid 0.165 g Glycine 0.034 g Proline 0.030 g Serine 0.037 g Vitamins
Coconut_water
Class of ionotropic glutamate receptors
over time. 5-Iodowillardiine ATPA Domoic acid Glutamic acid (glutamate) – the endogenous agonist Kainic acid – the agonist after which the receptor is
Kainate_receptor
Chemotherapy and immunosuppressant medication
the glutamic acid to produce methotrexate. In 1947, a team of researchers led by Sidney Farber showed aminopterin, a chemical analogue of folic acid developed
Methotrexate
Aminosulfonic acid
Taurine (/ˈtɔːriːn/ ; IUPAC: 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) is a naturally occurring organic compound with the chemical formula H2N−CH2−CH2−SO2−OH in its
Taurine
Hexameric enzyme
enzyme catalyses the reversible reaction: L-Glutamic acid + NADP+ H2O NH3 H2O NH3 α-Ketoglutaric acid + NADPH GLDH can be measured in a medical
Glutamate_dehydrogenase
Organic compound (CH3CO2CH2CH3)
Rincon, Ana Maria; Lambré, Claude; Lambré, C. (2017). "Re-evaluation of glutamic acid (E 620), sodium glutamate (E 621), potassium glutamate (E 622), calcium
Ethyl_acetate
Chemical compound
+ α-ketoglutaric acid H2O kynurenic acid + L-glutamic acid The precursor, kynurenine, is produced from the amino acid tryptophan in a sequence
Kynurenic_acid
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
responsible for catalyzing the production of gamma-aminobutyric acid from L-glutamic acid. A pathogenic role for this enzyme has been identified in the
GAD1
Chemical compound
of meat. Thioinosinic acid Phosphatidyl inositol Glutamate flavoring Kikunae Ikeda Umami Ajinomoto Tien Chu Ve-Tsin Glutamic acid Disodium glutamate Monopotassium
Inosinic_acid
Nut of the oak tree
contain fewer tannins. When the tannins are metabolized in cattle, the tannic acid produced can cause ulceration and kidney failure. Animals that cache acorns
Acorn
Benzodiazepine sedative
works by increasing the effect of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Diazepam was patented in 1959 by Hoffmann-La Roche. It has been one
Diazepam
Chemical reaction
converted to aspartic acid or isoaspartic acid. Glutamine is converted to glutamic acid or pyroglutamic acid (5-oxoproline). In a protein or peptide, these
Deamidation
Chemical changes in proteins following their translation from mRNA
bond formation amino acid addition arginylation, a tRNA-mediation addition polyglutamylation, covalent linkage of glutamic acid residues to the N-terminus
Post-translational modification
Post-translational_modification
Immature soybean pod used as a specialty food
edamame's flavor include free amino acids such as glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and alanine. Often these unbound amino acids decrease as the pods fully expand
Edamame
Chemical compound
independently of glutamic acid; if disodium guanylate is present in a list of ingredients but MSG does not appear to be, it is likely that glutamic acid is provided
Disodium_guanylate
Essential and non-essential amino acids Alanine Arginine Aspartic acid (aspartate) Asparagine Cysteine Glutamic acid Glutamine Glycine Histidine Isoleucine
List_of_macronutrients
Chemical compound
been synthesized by Fischer indole synthesis using glutamic acid and phenylhydrazine. Glutamic acid was converted to the necessary aldehyde via Strecker
Indole-3-acetic_acid
Species of bacterium
that is used industrially for large-scale production of amino acids, especially glutamic acid and lysine. While originally identified in a screen for organisms
Corynebacterium_glutamicum
Medical condition
Hemoglobin C (abbreviated as HbC) is an abnormal hemoglobin in which glutamic acid residue at the 6th position of the β-globin chain is replaced with a
Hemoglobin_C
Small domesticated carnivorous mammal
differently from humans. In humans, they detect the amino acids glutamic acid and aspartic acid; but in cats, they instead detect inosine monophosphate
Cat
Chemical compound
photosensitive baboons, and different modes of inhibition of cerebral glutamic acid decarboxylase". British Journal of Pharmacology. 49 (1): 52–63. doi:10
3-Mercaptopropionic_acid
reaction D-glutamic acid + H2O O2 H2O2 O2 H2O2 α-Ketoglutaric acid + NH3 The three substrates of this enzyme are D-glutamic acid, water, and
D-glutamate_oxidase
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
Proline-, glutamic acid- and leucine-rich protein 1 (PELP1) also known as modulator of non-genomic activity of estrogen receptor (MNAR) and transcription
PELP-1
Edible animal product
time of year when food stocks were usually scarce. Eggs scrambled with acidic fruit juices were popular in France in the seventeenth century; this may
Eggs_as_food
Part of an egg which feeds the developing embryo
prevalent fatty acids in egg yolk typically is: Unsaturated fatty acids: Oleic acid, 47% Linoleic acid, 16% Palmitoleic acid, 5% Linolenic acid, 2% Saturated
Yolk
Species of tree
54 g Arginine 4.86 g Histidine 0.808 g Alanine 1.37 g Aspartic acid 3.1 g Glutamic acid 6.08 g Glycine 1.51 g Proline 1.24 g Serine 1.64 g Vitamins and
Juglans_cinerea
Chemical reaction that removes a carboxyl group and releases carbon dioxide
tyrosine to tyramine histidine to histamine serine to ethanolamine glutamic acid to GABA lysine to cadaverine arginine to agmatine ornithine to putrescine
Decarboxylation
Benzodiazepine medication
increasing the effect of the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Clonazepam was patented in 1960 and approved in 1975 in the United
Clonazepam
Class of pharmaceutical compounds
AMPA Glutamic acid Ibotenic acid Kainic acid N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid Quisqualic acid Excitatory amino acid receptor antagonist Excitatory amino acid reuptake
Excitatory amino acid receptor agonist
Excitatory_amino_acid_receptor_agonist
Species of cockroach
glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, leucine, proline, threonine, tyrosine, and valine. The amino acids present in greatest proportions were glutamic acid
Blaberus_giganteus
Topics referred to by the same term
Y-chromosomal DNA (Y-DNA) haplogroup E (or Glu), an abbreviation for glutamic acid or glutamate Vitamin E, a group of chemically related vitamins The symbol
E_(disambiguation)
Chemical compound
independently of glutamic acid; if disodium inosinate is present in a list of ingredients, but MSG does not appear to be, it is possible that glutamic acid is provided
Disodium_inosinate
Agricultural cannabis plant
is glutamic acid (3.74–4.58% of whole seed) followed by arginine (2.28–3.10% of whole seed). Hemp seed protein has a profile of essential amino acids inferior
Hemp
IUPAC Nomenclature of a catalyst enzyme
phosphohydroxypyruvic acid by transfer of an amino group to α-ketoglutaric acid, giving L-glutamic acid: phosphoserine + α-ketoglutaric acid
Phosphoserine_transaminase
Species of tropical fruit-bearing tree
g Arginine 0.035 g Histidine 0.012 g Alanine 0.157 g Aspartic acid 0.126 g Glutamic acid 0.209 g Glycine 0.042 g Proline 0.042 g Serine 0.048 g Vitamins
Longan
Combination of hydrogen and ionic bonding in chemistry
arises from the anionic carboxylate (RCOO−) of either aspartic acid or glutamic acid and the cationic ammonium (RNH3+) from lysine or the guanidinium
Salt_bridge_(protein)
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