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Open access educational resource collection
insidehighered.com. 2 October 2018. Retrieved 2020-01-20. "LibreTexts - Free The Textbook". libretexts.org. Archived from the original on 2019-03-26. Retrieved
LibreTexts
Biological kingdom
ade5645. PMC 7617566. PMID 37079688. "28.2: Phylum Cnidaria". Biology LibreTexts. 2 November 2015. Retrieved 5 June 2026. Kotpal, R.L. (2012). Modern Text
Animal
Chemical compound of hydrogen and oxygen
Retrieved 15 January 2021. "4.1: Water, the Universal Solvent". Chemistry LibreTexts. 9 August 2017. Retrieved 14 January 2026. Butler J. "Weathering". The
Water
Numbers in the Roman numeral system
Retrieved 22 July 2024. "2.1: Definition and Label Quadrants". Mathematics LibreTexts. 4 August 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2025. Reddy, Indra K.; Khan, Mansoor
Roman_numerals
Mathematical models of strategic interactions
Biology, Jeffrey Chernov, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. Libretexts. This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under
Game_theory
Field of knowledge
1999, p. 285. "1.4: The Lotka–Volterra Predator-Prey Model". Mathematics LibreTexts. Jan 5, 2022. Archived from the original on 2022-12-29. Retrieved 2022-12-29
Mathematics
Basic unit of life forms
Nephridia of Worms". Biology LibreTexts. 17 July 2018. Retrieved 18 October 2025. "6.1: Plant Cells and Tissues". Biology LibreTexts. 26 July 2022. Retrieved
Cell_(biology)
Social-cultural system
ISBN 978-0-8135-7161-4. "14.1A: The Nature of Religion". Social Sci LibreTexts. 15 August 2018. Archived from the original on 12 January 2021. Retrieved
Religion
Chemical element with atomic number 16 (S)
Professional. ISBN 978-0-07-149999-6. "7.5: Changes of State". Chemistry LibreTexts. 3 October 2013. Retrieved 15 April 2024. Kozhevnikov, V. F.; Payne, W
Sulfur
Organization designing open copyright licenses
are also used by Stack Exchange, MDN, Internet Archive, Khan Academy, LibreTexts, OpenStax, MIT OpenCourseWare, WikiHow, TED, OpenStreetMap, GeoGebra,
Creative_Commons
Natural number
Lippman, David (12 July 2021). "6.0.2: The Hindu-Arabic Number System". LibreTexts. Retrieved 31 March 2024. Cajori, Florian (1991, 5e) A History of Mathematics
9
Organic compounds containing amine and carboxylic groups
3: Mechanisms of Catalysis". Biochemistry Free For All. Biology LibreTexts, LibreTexts. Dunn BM (December 2002). "Structure and mechanism of the pepsin-like
Amino_acid
Sex of an organism which produces sperm
; Melanie M., Cooper (4 June 2016). "4.9: Sexual dimorphism". Biology LibreTexts. Retrieved 22 July 2020. Dusenbery, David B. (2009). Living at Micro Scale
Male
Organism type
of Chemolithotrophy". Biology LibreTexts. 9 May 2017. "14: Chemolithotrophy & Nitrogen Metabolism". Biology LibreTexts. 6 February 2018. Deng, Wenchao;
Autotroph
Iranian religion founded by Zoroaster
their Philosophies- Sikhism and Zoroastrianism - Humanities LibreTexts". human.libretexts.org. 8 November 2019. Retrieved 4 December 2025. Gherardo Gnoli
Zoroastrianism
Form of art using sound
louis.pressbooks.pub. "5.2: Music in the Classical period". Humanities LibreTexts. 11 May 2020. "Classical Music: Ballets and Ballerinas". dummies. "The
Music
Substance whose dissolved ions conduct electricity
"Electrolysis I". Chemistry LibreTexts. 26 November 2013. Retrieved 25 March 2026. "Electrolytes". Chemistry LibreTexts. Retrieved 19 June 2026. "17
Electrolyte
Organic compound
ISSN 1439-7641. PMC 4770436. PMID 26891092. "Cooling baths". Chemistry LibreTexts. 2 October 2013. Retrieved 23 November 2025. "PDF". dr.lib.iastate.edu
Ethanol
Characteristic temperature for a substance
86.3.1062. PMID 10066724. S2CID 27875962. "11.12: Boiling". Chemistry LibreTexts. 2022-08-26. Retrieved 2025-02-15. Perry, R.H.; Green, D.W., eds. (1997)
Boiling_point
SI unit of energy
(PDF) on 14 January 2009. Retrieved 23 April 2008. "7.5: Torque". Physics LibreTexts. 1 October 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2025. "Torque (Moment)". www.grc.nasa
Joule
Scientific study of matter's behavior and properties
original on 6 May 2023. Retrieved 6 May 2023. "1.1: The Scope of Chemistry". Libretexts. 20 May 2018. Retrieved 5 January 2026. Ihde, Aaron J. (1984). The development
Chemistry
One gene variant masking the effect of another in the other copy of the gene
Punnett Square". Biology LibreTexts. 2021-10-11. Retrieved 2025-04-27. "4.2.1: Monohybrid Crosses and Segregation". Biology LibreTexts. 2019-10-01. Retrieved
Dominance_(genetics)
Substances that readily reacts with water
with Water". Chemistry LibreTexts. Retrieved 9 February 2017. "Reactions of Group 2 Elements with Water". Chemistry LibreTexts. 3 October 2013. Retrieved
Water-reactive_substances
Measure of water potential across a semi-permeable cell membrane
August 2021. LibreTexts Project: Medicine (18 July 2018). "3.3C - Tonicity". Anatomy and Physiology (Boundless) (Online ed.). med.libretexts.org/. Retrieved
Tonicity
Chemical element with atomic number 12 (Mg)
November 2023. "Reactions of Group 2 Elements with Water". Chemistry LibreTexts. 3 October 2013. Retrieved 27 March 2022. Rösch, B.; Gentner, T. X.; Eyselein
Magnesium
Fermented tea beverage
ISSN 1488-2159. PMID 14653937. "Acid-Base Chemistry in Tooth Decay". Chemistry LibreTexts. 16 November 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2025. "Critical pH and Le Châtelier:
Kombucha
Alloy of iron and carbon
Chemistry. Wikibooks. 4 September 2019. Retrieved 5 July 2025 – via Chemistry LibreTexts at Penn State University. "Metallurgy | Definition & History". Encyclopædia
Steel
Chemical substance not composed of simpler ones
doi:10.1002/asia.202400191. "Covalent Bonds vs Ionic Bonds". Chemistry LibreTexts. 2 October 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2025. Keeler, James; Wothers, Peter
Chemical_element
Music genre originating in 1860s
12-Bar Blues". PBS. Retrieved January 17, 2026. "Blues Form". Humanities LibreTexts. Retrieved January 17, 2026. "Blues Harmony". Open Music Theory. Retrieved
Blues
Independent parameter describing the state of a physical system
External images https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/9669/h2ovibrations.gif?revision=1 https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/9668/co2vibrations
Degrees of freedom (physics and chemistry)
Degrees_of_freedom_(physics_and_chemistry)
Material of moderate electrical conductivity
count Tatum, Jeremy (13 December 2016). "Resistance and Temperature". LibreTexts. Retrieved 2023-12-22. "Nexperia chip exports resuming: German auto supplier"
Semiconductor
Something that has mass and volume
doi:10.1351/goldbook.C01039 "2.1: Pure Substances and Mixtures". Chemistry LibreTexts. 15 March 2017. Retrieved 7 January 2024. Hunter, Lawrence E. (13 January
Matter
Organic vessel in which an embryo first begins to develop
51–54. ISBN 978-1-4615-4937-6. "11.3: Sexual Reproduction". Biology LibreTexts. 18 December 2021. Archived from the original on 18 August 2025. Retrieved
Egg
Machine that converts one or more forms of energy into mechanical energy (of motion)
Retrieved 2026-07-22. "6.2: Engines and Thermal Efficiency". Physics LibreTexts. 2019-07-03. Retrieved 2026-07-22. Hogan, C. Michael (September 1973)
Engine
Set of letters used to write a given language
Gasser, Michael (10 April 2021). "4.5: English Accents". Social Sci LibreTexts. Archived from the original on 26 July 2026. Retrieved 15 December 2022
Alphabet
Elimination of metabolic waste products by an organism
Fermentation". Biology LibreTexts. 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2025-06-07. "1.8: Respiration and Fermentation". Biology LibreTexts. 2021-12-21. Retrieved 2025-06-07
Excretion
Process that leads to chemical changes
Principle". Chemistry LibreTexts. 2016-08-05. Retrieved 2023-04-11. "11.5: Spontaneous Reactions and Free Energy". Chemistry LibreTexts. 2016-08-05. Retrieved
Chemical_reaction
Country in North America (1836–1846)
executive, and a judiciary. "3.2: The Constitutions of Texas 1812–1876". libretexts.org. Archived from the original on February 16, 2026. Retrieved March
Republic_of_Texas
Cleavage of chemical bonds by the addition of water
OpenStax". openstax.org. Retrieved 2025-07-04. "Nucleophiles". Chemistry LibreTexts. 2014-06-26. Retrieved 2025-07-04. McMurry, John; Emeritus, Professor
Hydrolysis
Standard terms for unambiguous description of relative placement of body parts
p. 16. ISBN 978-1-260-09204-2. "1.4A: Anatomical Position". Medicine LibreTexts. 18 July 2018. Retrieved 4 March 2025. "Introduction". Collection at Bartleby
Anatomical_terms_of_location
Skin cancer originating in melanocytes
ISSN 1421-9832. PMID 33588421. "24.2: DNA Mutations, Damage, and Repair". Biology LibreTexts. 3 December 2018. Retrieved 10 July 2026. Taylor NJ, Mitra N, Qian L,
Melanoma
Type of chemical substance
Zumdahl & DeCoste (2013), p. 256. "10.4.1. Alkoxide Ions". Chemistry Libretexts. LibreText. 16 July 2015. Retrieved 28 October 2022. Whitten, Kenneth W.; Gailey
Base_(chemistry)
Moment of inertia of diff geometric shapes
Jeremy Tatum (14 April 2017). "2.20: Ellipses and Ellipsoids". phys.libretexts.org. Retrieved 1 May 2023. see e.g. "Moment of Inertia J Calculation Formula"
List_of_moments_of_inertia
Index of articles associated with the same name
other three slave trades. "4.2: TransSaharan Slave Trade". Humanities LibreTexts. 2021-01-15. Retrieved 2026-09-07. "The forgotten Arab slave trade | D+C
Arab_slave_trade
Mathematical approximation of a function
"17.4: Series Solutions of Differential Equations". Mathematics LibreTexts. LibreTexts. 11 July 2016. Retrieved 2026-05-20. Knapp 2000, p. 43–44. Nörlund
Taylor_series
Inner mountain range of the Himalayas
Britannica. Retrieved 10 November 2024. Engineering, LibreTexts (2020). "The Himalayas". LibreTexts Engineering: 1 – via California State University Affordable
Lower_Himalayan_Range
State of matter
2025-03-18. "3: Phase Changes". Chemistry LibreTexts. 2019-07-12. Retrieved 2025-03-19. "Phase Diagrams". Chemistry LibreTexts. 2013-10-02. Retrieved 2025-03-19
Solid
Substance composed of multiple chemically bonded elements
2017-01-13. Retrieved 2017-09-13. "Ionic and Covalent Bonds". Chemistry LibreTexts. 2013-10-02. Archived from the original on 2017-09-13. Retrieved 2017-09-13
Chemical_compound
Trait that determines an organism's sexually reproductive function
Retrieved 10 July 2023. "43.2A: External and Internal Fertilization". Biology LibreTexts. 17 July 2018. Archived from the original on 24 May 2022. Retrieved 9
Biological_sex
Extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the Earth
Processing, Mines, and & Processing Centres. "12.9: Mining". Geosciences LibreTexts. 28 January 2017. Archived from the original on 2 April 2023. Retrieved
Mining
Tendency of a chemical compound to ignite in open air
2017. p. 57. ISBN 978-92-1-060457-4. "General Properties of Actinides". Libretexts. Retrieved 2026-06-07. N. Pradeep Sharma (September 1998), Dictionary
Pyrophoricity
Christological doctrine attributed to Arius
S2CID 231966053. "7.5: Successor Kingdoms to the Western Roman Empire". Humanities LibreTexts. 16 December 2016. Retrieved 16 January 2021. Most of them were Christians
Arianism
Wikimedia project for free content textbooks
library European Library Free High School Science Texts Global Text ibiblio LibreTexts LibriVox, an online digital library of free public domain audiobooks.
Wikibooks
Cable or other structure for carrying radio waves
ISBN 0-471-17096-8. "2.3: Scattering Parameters - Engineering LibreTexts". Engineering LibreTexts. October 21, 2020. Pozar, David M. (1998). Microwave Engineering
Transmission_line
Compound containing rings with delocalized pi electrons
really mean?". Chemistry LibreTexts. 2013-10-02. Retrieved 2023-11-06. "What does "aromatic" really mean?". Chemistry LibreTexts. 2013-10-02. Retrieved
Aromatic_compound
Domestic hybrid of horse and donkey
Retrieved 2 March 2025. "18.2A: The Biological Species Concept". Biology LibreTexts. 13 July 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2025. Beaver, Bonnie V. (2019). "Equine
Mule
Mathematical model combining space and time
April 2019). "Mechanics and Relativity. Chapter 4.3: Reference Frames". LibreTexts Physics. California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program
Spacetime
Physical model of propagating energy
ISSN 0002-9505. Retrieved 3 May 2026. "10.1: Liénard-Wiechert Potentials". Physics LibreTexts. 9 December 2021. Archived from the original on 26 July 2024. Retrieved
Electromagnetic_radiation
Possible form of a matrix
each nonzero row is 1." Meyer 2000, p. 44 Meyer 2000, p. 48 https://math.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Linear_Algebra/A_First_Course_in_Linear_Algebra_(Kutt
Row_echelon_form
Anything that causes a sexual response
History of Sexuality Research and Some Early Sex Researchers". Social Sci LibreTexts. Retrieved 2025-11-30.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors
Sexual_stimulation
Empire in West Africa from c. 1235 to 1610
Publishers) Libgen.lc. pp. 278–279. "The Manden Charter". Humanities LibreTexts. 7 July 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2026. John Hunwick. John O. Hunwick
Mali_Empire
Chemical construction of organic compounds
Overview of Methods". Chemistry LibreTexts. 2017-10-15. Retrieved 2023-12-05. "4.2: Overview of Extraction". Chemistry LibreTexts. 2017-10-21. Retrieved 2023-12-05
Organic_synthesis
Naturally produced monosaccharide
Volume 1, p. 76. "16.4: Cyclic Structures of Monosaccharides". Chemistry LibreTexts. 18 July 2014. Archived from the original on 17 April 2023. Retrieved
Glucose
Group of a common ancestor and all of their descendants
Harmon, Luke J (3 January 2021). "11.2: Clade Age and Diversity". Biology LibreTexts: Evolutionary Developmental Biology. University of California Davis. Retrieved
Clade
Structural axis of a vascular plant
url-status (link) "Stem Anatomy". LibreTexts Biology. 11 May 2024. Retrieved 11 May 2024. "Stems - Stem Anatomy". LibreTexts Biology. 11 June 2024. Retrieved
Plant_stem
Transition in human history from hunter-gatherer to settled peoples
ISSN 1573-7802. S2CID 211663314. "7.6: Neolithic Revolution". Social Sci LibreTexts. 28 April 2018. Retrieved 18 October 2023. Graeme Barker (2009). The Agricultural
Neolithic_Revolution
Matter with biological processes
"2.2: The Basic Structural and Functional Unit of Life: The Cell". LibreTexts. 2 June 2019. Archived from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 29
Life
Part of the genetic makeup of a cell which determines one of its characteristics
openstax.org. Retrieved 2021-11-15. "3.6: Punnett Squares". Biology LibreTexts. 2016-09-21. Retrieved 2021-11-15. Alliance, Genetic; Health, District
Genotype
Type of chemical bond in metals
NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 20 May 2026. "9.5: Metallic Bonding". Chemistry LibreTexts. 15 July 2018. Retrieved 22 April 2026. "A Guide to Graphene". AZoNano
Metallic_bonding
Branch of biology that studies biological systems at the molecular level
06.006. PMID 21775188. "12.3C: Mendel's Law of Segregation". Biology LibreTexts. 2018-07-12. Retrieved 2021-11-18. "Mendelian Inheritance". Genome.gov
Molecular_biology
Energy-carrying molecule in living cells
Muscle Contraction and Locomotion - ATP and Muscle Contraction". Biology LibreTexts. 2018-07-16. Retrieved 2024-05-01. Hyman, Anthony A.; Krishnan, Yamuna;
Adenosine_triphosphate
Hydrocarbon compounds without aromatic rings
11. Hackh's Chemical Dictionary (5th ed.). 1987. p. 22. "9.1: Aliphatic Hydrocarbons". Chemistry LibreTexts. 2019-05-26. Retrieved 2026-07-16. v t e
Aliphatic_compound
Human between birth and puberty
May 2024.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) "23.8: Adulthood". LibreTexts - Biology. 31 December 2018. A person may be physically mature and a biological
Child
Branch of science that studies society and its relationships
ISBN 978-1-951693-88-6. "8.1: What is Political Economy?". Social Sci LibreTexts. February 22, 2022. Retrieved January 18, 2024. Zaki Badawi, A. (2002)
Social_science
Lowest theoretical temperature
ISSN 0031-9007. PMID 34533345. S2CID 237396804. "Gas Laws". Chemistry LibreTexts. 25 June 2016. Retrieved 16 September 2025. Kim, Hyeong-Chan (30 July
Absolute_zero
Fully grown animal
original on 2022-11-05. Retrieved 2022-11-05. "23.8: Adulthood". Biology LibreTexts. 2018-12-31. Retrieved 2025-11-10. McNamara, Thomas Edward (2004). Evolution
Adult
Digit necessary to represent a quantity
Stephen (2021-03-31). "Significant Figures and Rounding". Chemistry - LibreTexts. Chemistry in the Community; Kendall-Hunt:Dubuque, IA 1988 Giving a precise
Significant_figures
Physics experiment
Frank (11 January 2023). "Which Path Information and the Quantum Eraser". LibreTexts.org. Retrieved 3 October 2026. "Single Photon Interference". harvard.edu
Double-slit_experiment
Latter part of the menstrual cycle
(FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 28723025, retrieved 2021-09-20 "26.6B: Ovarian Cycle". Medicine LibreTexts. 24 July 2018. Retrieved 14 September 2022.
Luteal_phase
Active ingredient in fermented drinks
Ashenhurst J (26 August 2015). "17.7: Oxidation of Alcohols". Chemistry LibreTexts. Carey F (2000). Organic Chemistry (4 ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-290501-8
Alcohol_(drug)
Scientific law that a closed system's mass remains constant
(7 January 2020). "3.7 Conservation of Mass - There is No New Matter". LibreTexts™ Chemistry. Retrieved 10 January 2024. Matthew Moncrieff Pattison Muir
Conservation_of_mass
Form of matter
doi:10.1351/goldbook.C01039 "2.1: Pure Substances and Mixtures". Chemistry LibreTexts. 2017-03-15. Retrieved 2024-01-07. Hunter, Lawrence E. (2012-01-13). The
Substance_(chemistry)
Chemical element with atomic number 24 (Cr)
1016/S1462-9011(02)00028-X. Soderberg, Tim (3 June 2019). "Oxidizing Agents". LibreTexts. MindTouch. Archived from the original on 22 April 2021. Retrieved 8 September
Chromium
Metabolic process
role in oxidative deamination. LibreTexts, Chemistry (29 August 2020). "Stage II of Protein Catabolism". Chemistry LibreTexts. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
Oxidative_deamination
Theory of interwoven space and time by Albert Einstein
2019). "Mechanics and Relativity. Chapter 14: Relativistic Collisions". LibreTexts Physics. California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program
Special_relativity
Flight faster than Mach 5 below 90 km
enthalpy" (PDF). Clark, Jim (3 October 2013). "Bond Enthalpies". Chemistry LibreTexts. Retrieved 12 July 2025. Tegler, Jan (4 October 2019). "Research at Hyper
Hypersonic_flight
Specific recurring patterns that are present in the modern periodic table
1007/bfb0029834. ISBN 3-540-17740-X. "21.1: The Elements of Group 13". Libretexts. 2013-11-26. Retrieved 2022-06-30. Franz, Daniel; Inoue, Shigeyoshi (2016)
Periodic_trends
State of matter
Chemistry LibreTexts". 2020-08-22. Archived from the original on 2020-08-22. Retrieved 2021-05-20. "14.11: Real and Ideal Gases - Chemistry LibreTexts". 2021-02-06
Gas
Downslope wind due to a high-density air
2024-12-22. Stull, Roland (2020-03-31). "17.10: Downslope Winds". Geosciences LibreTexts. Retrieved 2024-12-22. Lunel, Tanguy; Jimenez, Maria Antonia; Cuxart,
Katabatic_wind
Probability distribution
"6.4: Normal Approximation to the Binomial Distribution - Statistics LibreTexts". 2023-05-29. Archived from the original on 2023-05-29. Retrieved 2023-10-07
Binomial_distribution
Field of accounting
"International Financial Reporting and Analysis", Second Edition, 2005, ISBN 978-1-84480-201-2 OpenStax - Financial Accounting LibreTexts - Accounting
Financial_accounting
Medical condition
ISSN 2035-3006. PMC 3499995. PMID 23170194. "5.21: Natural Selection". Biology LibreTexts. 23 September 2016. Retrieved 31 October 2024. Kwiatkowski DP (August
Sickle_cell_disease
Quantum mechanical phenomenon
Michael (5 December 2019). "Particle in a Finite Box and Tunneling". LibreTexts Chemistry. Retrieved 4 September 2023. Tunneling into the barrier (wall)
Quantum_tunnelling
Random process independent of past history
Wiley. ISBN 978-0-470-77605-6. "10.3: Regular Markov Chains". Mathematics LibreTexts. 2020-03-22. Retrieved 2024-02-01. Seneta, E. (Eugene) (1973). "2.4. Combinatorial
Markov_chain
Device used to gain access to restricted resource
2020-11-21. "2.3.3: Authentication Methods - Security Tokens". Engineering LibreTexts. 2021-01-15. Archived from the original on 2023-05-08. Retrieved 2023-05-08
Security_token
Species of flowering plant
ifas.ufl.edu. Retrieved 2025-09-30. "3.3.3: Secondary Stem". Biology LibreTexts. 2020-02-29. Retrieved 2025-09-30. Michaels, Tom; Clark, Matt; Hoover
Buxus_microphylla
Money spent to produce or procure goods or services
it". Advanced. Retrieved 2024-01-30. "2.3: Cost Terminology". Business LibreTexts. 2021-02-27. Retrieved 2024-01-30. Bragg, Steven (2023-10-08). "Nonmanufacturing
Cost
Thermoplastic polymer
247. ISBN 978-3-446-43047-1. "10.4: Synthesis of Polymers". Chemistry LibreTexts. 2021-07-05. Retrieved 2025-09-23. Nuyken, von Sebastian; Koltzenburg
Polypropylene
Sound made by bending tin
doitpoms.ac.uk. Retrieved 2024-11-23. "LibreTexts, Chemistry, Chemistry of Indium". 2 October 2013. "LibreTexts, Chemistry, Chemistry of Cadmium". 2 October
Tin_cry
Difference in electric potential between two points in space
Oil and Gas Rigs. Petrogav International. p. 328. "Voltage". Physics LibreTexts. 2013-12-16. Retrieved 2026-06-01. David B. Newell, Eite Tiesinga (August
Voltage
travel, tourism, insurance
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