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Ecological effect of a species arriving first at a site
In ecology, a priority effect refers to the impact that a particular species can have on community development as a result of its prior arrival at a site
Priority_effect
Predator at the top of a food chain
with trophic level over 4 (carnivores that eat other carnivores). This effect, called mesopredator release, occurs in terrestrial and marine ecosystems;
Apex_predator
Population phenomenon in biology
The Allee effect is a phenomenon in biology characterized by a correlation between population size or density and the mean individual fitness (often measured
Allee_effect
American hip hop group
and only live album, and was also the only 2 Live Crew release under the Effect subsidiary label of Luke Records, a move that was deemed necessary for the
2_Live_Crew
Science fiction media franchise
Mass Effect Galaxy at War Edition (2013) was announced by USAopoly and was released in Fall 2013. Monopoly: Mass Effect (2015) Mass Effect: Priority Hagalaz
Mass_Effect
State of species being unique to a location
is a good method to find geographical regions that can be considered priorities for conservation. Endemism can thus be studied as a proxy for measuring
Endemism
Rocky pool on a seashore, separated from the sea at low tide, filled with seawater
theory Occupancy–abundance relationship Population viability analysis Priority effect Rapoport's rule Relative abundance distribution Relative species abundance
Tide_pool
Animal that can eat and survive on both plants and animals
introduced to parts of Britain, continental Europe and South Africa. Its effect on populations of nesting birds is often serious because of consumption
Omnivore
which species becomes dominant. This phenomenon is referred to as the priority effect and suggests that the species that became established earlier are more
Connell–Slatyer model of ecological succession
Connell–Slatyer_model_of_ecological_succession
2012 video game
maint: deprecated archival service (link) BioWare. Mass Effect 3. Electronic Arts. Journal - Priority: Mars: Admiral Hackett ordered the Normandy to Mars
Mass_Effect_3
Computer programming method
Without priority inheritance, process M could preempt process L during the critical section and delay its completion, in effect causing the lower-priority process
Priority_inheritance
Series of secondary extinctions
In ecology, a cascade effect is a series of secondary extinctions that are triggered by the primary extinction of a key species in an ecosystem. Secondary
Cascade_effect_(ecology)
Species with a large effect on its environment
A keystone species is a species that has a disproportionately large effect on its natural environment relative to its abundance. The concept was introduced
Keystone_species
Concept in patent and trademark law
of priority during a period of twelve months from the date of filing of the first application. Article 89 EPC describes the effect of the priority right:
Priority_right
Primakoff effect (particle physics) Priority effect (ecology) Probe effect (software development philosophies) (system administration) Proteus effect (consciousness)
List_of_effects
Equations modelling predator–prey cycles
describe, respectively, the maximum prey per capita growth rate, and the effect of the presence of predators on the prey death rate. The predator's parameters
Lotka–Volterra_equations
Smallest size a biological population can exist without facing extinction
population size Inbreeding depression Human population Metapopulation Rescue effect Holsinger, Kent (2007-09-04). "Types of Stochastic Threats". EEB310: Conservation
Minimum_viable_population
Ratio of animal feed to desired product
National Research Council (Subcommittee on Environmental Stress). 1981. Effect of environment on nutrient requirements of domestic animals. National Academy
Feed_conversion_ratio
Evolutionary hypothesis
rate of the population N to the current population size, incorporating the effect of the two constant parameters r and K. (Note that when the population size
R/K_selection_theory
Virus that infects bacteria
in the bacterial samples collected so were having a useful synergistic effect. Phages have increasingly been used to preserve food products and to forestall
Bacteriophage
Community of living organisms together with the nonliving components of their environment
species have a large effect on ecosystem function, while rare species tend to have a small effect. Keystone species tend to have an effect on ecosystem function
Ecosystem
Variety of species in an ecological community, landscape or region
pattern of occupancy Species-area curve Species discovery curve Storage effect Colwell, Robert K. (2009). "Biodiversity: Concepts, Patterns and Measurement"
Species_richness
Ecological concept
the habitat. The three factors affecting edges can be summarized: Abiotic effect—Changes in the environmental conditions that result from the proximity to
Edge_effects
Position of an organism in a food chain
develop defenses against herbivores such as chemical defenses. Cascade effect Energy flow (ecology) Marine trophic level Mesopredator release hypothesis
Trophic_level
Species protected to aid further species
species that make up the ecological community of its habitat (the umbrella effect). Species conservation can be subjective because it is hard to determine
Umbrella_species
Ecological mechanism enabling species to coexist
The storage effect is a coexistence mechanism proposed in the ecological theory of species coexistence, which tries to explain how such a wide variety
Storage_effect
Behavior characterized by activity during the night and sleeping during the day
expansion and technological advances in the last few centuries has had a major effect on nocturnal animals, as well as diurnal species. The causes of these can
Nocturnal_animal
Process of progressive accumulation in food chain
New York, NY: Gale. pp. 118–200. ISBN 978-0-02-865700-4. "DDT Ban Takes Effect". United States Environmental Protection Agency. 1972-12-31. Archived from
Biomagnification
Setting on a photo camera that enables choosing a specific aperture value
distracting. Another common use of aperture priority mode is to indirectly affect shutter speed for a desired effect. In landscape photography, a user might
Aperture_priority
Process of breaking down organic matter
how fast a fresh body will skeletonize or mummify. A basic guide for the effect of environment on decomposition is given as Casper's Law (or Ratio): if
Decomposition
Mutually beneficial interaction between species
population of species i. αii = the negative effect of within-species crowding on species i. βij = the beneficial effect of the density of species j on species
Mutualism_(biology)
Species introduced by human activity
introduced species is highly variable. Some have a substantial negative effect on a local ecosystem (in which case they are also classified more specifically
Introduced_species
Total number of individuals in a defined group or area
underlying cause of effects like population bottlenecks and the founder effect. Genetic drift is the major source of decrease of genetic diversity within
Population_size
Maximum population size of a species that an ecosystem can support
generated are within the assimilating capacity of the environment. The effect of carrying capacity on population dynamics is modelled with a logistic
Carrying_capacity
Diversity and variations in ecosystems
of the effect of pesticides, monocultures and genetically modified crops to see if the anthropogenically created problems can have an effect pollination
Ecosystem_diversity
Concept in ecology
Lawler, S.P., Morin, P.J. (1993). "Temporal overlap, competition, and priority effects in larval anurans". Ecology. 74 (1): 174–182. Bibcode:1993Ecol
Ecological_niche
Emission of light by a living organism
warm water lagoons and bays with narrow openings to the ocean. A different effect is the thousands of square miles of the ocean which shine with the light
Bioluminescence
Decision strategy
The priority heuristic is a simple, lexicographic decision strategy that helps decide for a good option. In psychology, priority heuristics correctly predict
Priority_heuristic
Species of fungus
forested or areas with recent disturbance (such as fire) due their strong priority effect, and are often outcompeted as forests mature. Early establishment after
Rhizopogon_occidentalis
Number of distinct species in a biological community
species are equally abundant in the dataset, changing the value of q has no effect, but species diversity at any value of q equals species richness. Negative
Species_diversity
Effect in special relativity
dispute about priority and correct attribution, the effect is also sometimes referred to as the Penrose–Terrell effect, the Terrell–Penrose effect or the
Terrell_rotation
Growth is limited by the scarcest resource
fertilization – Ecological concept Keystone species – Species with a large effect on its environment Random walk – Process forming a path from many random
Liebig's_law_of_the_minimum
Organism that eats mostly or exclusively plant material
encounter with items, h=handling time, e=energy gained per encounter. In effect, this would indicate that a herbivore in a dense forest would spend more
Herbivore
Social psychological theory
The bystander effect (also called bystander apathy or the Genovese effect) is a social psychological theory that states that individuals are less likely
Bystander_effect
Ecological region of the oceans and seas
partial biogeographic basis. The World Wildlife Fund—WWF identified 43 priority marine ecoregions, as part of its Global 200 initiative. List of marine
Marine_ecoregion
Study of organisms and their environment
predation within and between species; and patterns of biodiversity and its effect on ecosystem processes. Ecology has practical applications in fields such
Ecology
Type of environment in which an organism lives
of the seabed. The introduction of alien species can have a devastating effect on native wildlife – through increased predation, through competition for
Habitat
Discontinuities in an organism's environment causing population fragmentation
threat to species. But, the effect of the configuration of habitat patches within the landscape, independent of the effect of the amount of habitat within
Habitat_fragmentation
Cognitive bias
and simulations suggested that at least part of the effect might arise from scheduling priorities – that cases with a lenient outcome required more time
Hungry_judge_effect
Biological interaction
mimicry that improve hunting efficiency. Predation has a powerful selective effect on prey, and the prey develops anti-predator adaptations such as warning
Predation
Ecological theory
medium-sized predator population to increase, therefore having a negative effect on the underlying prey community. The mesopredator release hypothesis offers
Mesopredator release hypothesis
Mesopredator_release_hypothesis
American actress (born 1982)
wished to be a nun during her childhood, but acting was always a high priority for her. Her relationship with the Catholic Church changed at age 15 after
Anne_Hathaway
Analysis of potential system failures
analysis, but may be put on a semi-quantitative basis with an RPN (Risk Priority Number) model. Related methods combine mathematical failure rate models
Failure mode and effects analysis
Failure_mode_and_effects_analysis
Transition area between two biological communities
plants as well as animals at the community junction is called the edge effect and is essentially due to a locally broader range of suitable environmental
Ecotone
Effect that organisms have on other organisms
In ecology, a Species Interaction is the effect that a pair of organisms living together in a community have on each other. They can be either of the same
Biological_interaction
Classification of distinct populations lesser than subspecies
'varieties'. Later on, through a series of experiments, Turresson studied the effect of the environment on heritable plant variation and came up with the term
Ecotype
Event or force driving ecological change via mortality
pronounced change in an ecosystem. Disturbances often act quickly and with great effect, to alter the physical structure or arrangement of biotic and abiotic elements
Disturbance_(ecology)
Concept in conservation biology
keystone and indicator species. It chooses between these when selecting a priority species to represent the conservation threats facing a certain region.
Flagship_species
Biodiversity ratio in ecology
been accumulated. Scaling pattern of occupancy Species richness Storage effect Unified neutral theory of biodiversity (UNTB) Preston, F.W. 1962. The canonical
Species–area_relationship
Geographical area in which a species can be found
distance. Recent studies have indicated that the grid size used can have an effect on the output of these species distribution models. The standard 50x50 km
Species_distribution
Concept in population dynamics
In population dynamics, depensation is the effect on a population (such as a fish stock) whereby, due to certain causes, a decrease in the breeding population
Depensation
Ecogeographical rule in evolutionary biology
Foster's rule, also known as the island rule or the island effect, is an ecogeographical rule in evolutionary biology stating that members of a species
Foster's_rule
Group of separated yet interacting ecological populations
and rescue that population from extinction (called the rescue effect). Such a rescue effect may occur because declining populations leave niche opportunities
Metapopulation
Natural interconnection of food chains
population of herbivores that are directly linked to plant trophism. The net effect of direct and indirect relations is called trophic cascades. Trophic cascades
Food_web
Ecological niche
abundant. Species with greater density and large per capita effect have a more easily-noticeable effect, but less abundant species can still have a large impact
Ecosystem_engineer
2007 video game
Mass Effect is a 2007 action role-playing game developed by BioWare and published by Microsoft Game Studios for the Xbox 360. It is the first game in the
Mass_Effect_(video_game)
Ecology proposition
connection between functional traits similarity between species and its effect on species co-existence. According to competitive-relatedness hypothesis
Competitive exclusion principle
Competitive_exclusion_principle
Ecological competition between different species
be regarded as exclusively exploitative or interference. Separating the effect of resource use from that of interference is not easy. A good example of
Interspecific_competition
Biological principle about the differential reproductive success in males versus females
reproductive success. The third is that sexual selection will have a greater effect on the sex with greater variance in reproductive success. After publication
Bateman's_principle
How one process influences another
process, state, or object (i.e., an effect) where the cause is at least partly responsible for the effect, and the effect is at least partly dependent on
Causality
Associated populations of species in a given area
interspecific relationship in which a product of one organism has a negative effect on another organism but the original organism is unaffected. An example
Community_(ecology)
Rate of generation of biomass in an ecosystem
stable. This would raise secondary production and have a trophic cascade effect across the food chain, ultimately increasing overall ecosystem productivity
Productivity_(ecology)
Ecosystem in a body of water
species of algae. The relative abundance of nitrogen and phosphorus can in effect determine which species of algae come to dominate. Algae are a very important
Aquatic_ecosystem
rearrange the order that the list is displayed, giving priority to that column. This has no effect for other readers or subsequent uses and may be used
List of typographical symbols and punctuation marks
List_of_typographical_symbols_and_punctuation_marks
Concept in population ecology
Positive density-dependence, density-dependent facilitation, or the Allee effect describes a situation in which population growth is facilitated by increased
Density_dependence
Ecogeographical principle
will affect the means of ranges at high latitudes, whereas the opposite effect due to high latitude species extending into the tropics is negligible: species
Rapoport's_rule
effects are the first priority. However, since RPDs are concerned about noise variables, the CCN interaction is a priority 2.5 effect. The CN interaction
Robust_parameter_design
Flow of energy through food chains in ecological energetics
different times, which is called a mosaic of microbial populations. Species effect and diversity in an ecosystem can be analyzed through their performance
Energy_flow_(ecology)
Process by which an organism shapes its environment
from the two processes of natural selection and niche construction. The effect of niche construction is especially pronounced in situations where environmental
Niche_construction
Study of the ecology of isolated habitats
population from extinction; this is known as the rescue effect. In addition to having an effect on extinction, island size can also affect immigration
Insular_biogeography
When an ecosystem does not drastically change over time even after perturbation
the community level, the structure of food webs can affect stability. The effect of diversity on stability in food-web models can be either positive or negative
Ecological_stability
Complex living system in the soil
consumer on the resource. The effect of the resource on the consumer is positive, (the consumer gets to eat) and the effect on the resource by the consumer
Soil_food_web
When a population of a species exceeds the carrying capacity of its environment
provide winter or year-round homes and food for cormorants. Cormorants' effect on the aquaculture industry is significant, with a dense flock capable of
Overpopulation
Concept of shared knowledge
development. Co-intelligence Crowd psychology Delphi method Erroneous priorities effect Group intelligence Groupthink Herd instinct Herd mentality Information
Collective_wisdom
100 to 1000 times as high as in the past. The two main areas where the effect of biodiversity on ecosystem function have been studied are the relationship
Ecological effects of biodiversity
Ecological_effects_of_biodiversity
Field of ecology
rate, and the birthing success of the offspring. There is found to be no effect of the young being raised by the natural parents or foster parents, the
Population_ecology
positive impacts. As currently applied the environment is usually given priority over social and economic factors which may be added in or regarded as an
Sustainable_gardening
Concept in theoretical ecology and community ecology
\end{aligned}}} where α12 represents the effect species 2 has on the population of species 1 α21 represents the effect species 1 has on the population of species
Limiting_similarity
Type of species interaction
the species can actually persist due to interspecific interactions. The effect on realized niches could be incredibly strong, especially when there is
Competition_(biology)
Phenomenon in which AI achievements are reclassified as non-intelligent
The AI effect is a phenomenon in which advances in artificial intelligence (AI) lead to a redefinition of what is considered intelligence, such that capabilities
AI_effect
Study of living and non-living components of ecosystems and their interactions
phenolic compounds, especially lignin, in plant litter has a retarding effect on litter decomposition. More complex C compounds are decomposed more slowly
Ecosystem_ecology
Study of chemically-mediated interactions between living organisms
environments, interaction of plants and butterflies, and the behavioral effect of catnip. Chemical ecologists seek to identify the specific molecules (i
Chemical_ecology
Statistical effects of small numbers on a population
Purdue University. "Captive breeding: Effect of small population size". www.purdue.edu/captivebreeding/effect-of-small-population-size/. Accessed 1 June
Small_population_size
Relationships between ecological processes in the environment and particular ecosystems
environmental difference between the interior of the patch and its edge. This edge effect includes a distinctive species composition or abundance. For example, when
Landscape_ecology
Ecology term
disproportionate effect on the community structure of an environment in relation to its total biomass. This keystone species effect forms the basis for
Ecological_extinction
Set of processes exchanging nutrients between parts of a system
known as niche construction or ecosystem engineering. Many species leave an effect even after their death, such as coral skeletons or the extensive habitat
Nutrient_cycle
Sense that actions are self-generated
defined the three criteria of self-agency: priority, exclusivity, and consistency. According to Wegner, priority means that an action must be planned before
Self-agency
– 600. Felton, G. W., and H. Eichenseer. 1999. Herbivore saliva and its effect on plant defense against herbivores and pathogens. Pages 19 – 36 in A. A
Herbivore adaptations to plant defense
Herbivore_adaptations_to_plant_defense
Capacity of ecosystems to resist and recover from change
Deforestation can also lead to species extinction, which can have a domino effect particularly when keystone species are removed or when a significant number
Ecological_resilience
Ecological concept
thorough review of spatially subsidized food web dynamics, focusing on the effect of subsidies on population, community, consumer-resource, and food web dynamics
Cross-boundary_subsidy
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