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Redshift is a techno-economic theory suggesting hypersegmentation[clarification needed] of information technology markets based on whether individual computing
Redshift_(theory)
Physical effect in general relativity
eight years before his publication of the full theory of relativity. Observing the gravitational redshift in the Solar System is one of the classical tests
Gravitational_redshift
Change in wavelength of light
In physics, a redshift is an increase in the wavelength, or equivalently, a decrease in the frequency, of electromagnetic radiation (such as light). The
Redshift
Topics referred to by the same term
display utility program RedShift (astronomy software), a software CD-ROM from Maris Technologies Redshift (theory), an economic theory about information technology
Redshift_(disambiguation)
Class of hypothetical redshift mechanisms
light is a class of hypothetical redshift mechanisms that was proposed as an alternative explanation for the redshift-distance relationship. These models
Tired_light
Two interrelated physics theories by Albert Einstein
The theory of relativity comprises two physics theories by Albert Einstein: special relativity and general relativity, proposed and published in 1905
Theory_of_relativity
Topics referred to by the same term
Stephen Baxter Blueshifting, an information technology term defined in Redshift (theory) Blue shift (molecule) (a.k.a. "hypsochromic shift"), a change in spectral
Blueshift_(disambiguation)
have measured the gravitational redshift in 1925, although measurements sensitive enough to actually confirm the theory were not made until 1954. A more
Tests_of_general_relativity
Physical theory of the cosmos
evidence of the validity of the theory are the expansion of the universe according to Hubble's law (as indicated by the redshifts of galaxies), discovery and
Big_Bang
Energy driving the accelerated expansion of the universe
propose that this related theory could be tested: a universe with dark energy should give a figure for the cubic correction to redshift versus luminosity C
Dark_energy
redshift of nebulae and their distance from observers. In 1929, Edwin Hubble provided a comprehensive observational foundation for Lemaitre's theory.
History of the Big Bang theory
History_of_the_Big_Bang_theory
Lyman-Break galaxy that is one of the oldest known galaxies
has a redshift of about 14.18, making it one of the most distant galaxies and astronomical objects ever discovered. According to current theory, this
JADES-GS-z14-0
Physical hypothesis
Redshift quantization, also referred to as redshift periodicity, redshift discretization, preferred redshifts and redshift-magnitude bands, is the hypothesis
Redshift_quantization
more specifically in chromatic homotopy theory, the redshift conjecture states, roughly, that algebraic K-theory K ( R ) {\displaystyle K(R)} has chromatic
Redshift_conjecture
Theory of gravitation as curved spacetime
relativity, also known as the general theory of relativity, and as Einstein's theory of gravity, is the geometric theory of gravitation published by Albert
General_relativity
Models of the universe which deviate from then-current scientific consensus
then-current standard model of cosmology. The term non-standard is applied to any theory that does not conform to the scientific consensus. Because the term depends
Non-standard_cosmology
American astronomer (1927-2013)
Bang theory and for advocating a non-standard cosmology incorporating intrinsic redshift. Arp developed those views in a book, Seeing Red: Redshift, Cosmology
Halton_Arp
Attraction of masses and energy
gravitational redshift or the deviation of light by matter and gives values for the precession of Mercury which are incorrect. A vector field theory predicts
Gravity
Cosmological model in which the universe does not expand
paper Cosmological Considerations in the General Theory of Relativity. After the discovery of the redshift-distance relationship (deduced by the inverse
Static_universe
Spatial distortion in cosmology
Redshift-space distortions are an effect in observational cosmology where the spatial distribution of galaxies appears squashed and distorted when their
Redshift-space_distortions
Hypothetical invisible cosmic material
discovered in 2005, in two large galaxy redshift surveys, the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey. Combining the CMB observations
Dark_matter
Theory of subatomic structure
In physics, string theory is a theoretical framework in which the point-like particles of particle physics are replaced by one-dimensional objects called
String_theory
Hypothesis that inertial and gravitational masses are equivalent
predict the gravitational redshift. Theories of gravity that obey the Einstein equivalence principle must be "metric theories", meaning that trajectories
Equivalence_principle
Cosmological epoch c. 370,000 years after the Big Bang
years after the Big Bang (at a redshift of z = 1100). The "re-" in "recombination" is misleading, since the Big Bang theory does not posit that protons and
Recombination_(cosmology)
Hypothetical topological feature of spacetime
solution of the Einstein field equations, and are consistent with the general theory of relativity. In 1995, Matt Visser suggested there may be many wormholes
Wormhole
Observation in physical cosmology
galaxy's recessional velocity is typically determined by measuring its redshift, a shift in the frequency of light emitted by the galaxy. The discovery
Hubble's_law
Obsolete theories in natural history and natural philosophy
general theories in science and pre-scientific natural history and natural philosophy that have since been superseded by other scientific theories. Many
List of superseded scientific theories
List_of_superseded_scientific_theories
Active galactic nucleus (AGN) containing a supermassive black hole
usually categorized as a subclass of the more general category of AGN. The redshifts of quasars are of cosmological origin. The term quasar originated as a
Quasar
Study of the origin of the universe (structure and evolution)
have been made to map the universe in redshift space. By combining redshift with angular position data, a redshift survey maps the 3D distribution of matter
Observational_cosmology
General-relativistic effect
experiments. Gravitational time dilation is closely related to gravitational redshift, in which the closer a body emitting light of constant frequency is to
Gravitational_time_dilation
Anglo-Australian Telescope survey, 1997–2002
In astronomy, the 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey (Two-degree-Field Galaxy Redshift Survey), 2dF or 2dFGRS is a redshift survey conducted by the Australian
2dF_Galaxy_Redshift_Survey
Branch of mathematics
stable homotopy groups of spheres using chromatic homotopy theory. Elliptic cohomology Redshift conjecture Ravenel conjectures Moduli stack of formal group
Chromatic_homotopy_theory
Theory of interwoven space and time by Albert Einstein
In physics, the special theory of relativity, or simply special relativity, is a scientific theory of the relationship between space and time. In Albert
Special_relativity
Hypothetical object of spacetime
matter, light and information cannot escape. White holes appear in the theory of eternal black holes. In addition to a black hole region in the future
White_hole
Trace radiation from the early universe
However, the photons have grown less energetic due to the cosmological redshift associated with the expansion of the universe. The surface of last scattering
Cosmic_microwave_background
Vast empty spaces between filaments with few or no galaxies
three-dimensional mapping of the universe. Through redshift surveys, their depth was calculated from the individual redshifts of the galaxies due to the expansion of
Void_(astronomy)
German-born theoretical physicist (1879–1955)
physicist best known for developing the theory of relativity. Einstein also made important contributions to quantum theory. His mass–energy equivalence formula
Albert_Einstein
Cosmological phenomenon
propose that this related theory could be tested: a universe with dark energy should give a figure for the cubic correction to redshift versus luminosity C
Accelerating expansion of the universe
Accelerating_expansion_of_the_universe
Hypothetical astrophysical effect
effect. The gravitational redshift is given by the square root of the time component of the metric. So for the field theory state to consistently extend
Hawking_radiation
Compact astronomical body
the redshift and the lensing effect of gravity on light; his prediction of gravitational lensing was one-half of the value that the full theory of general
Black_hole
Application of the theory of relativity to the universe as a whole
Following the discovery by Edwin Hubble of a linear relation between the redshifts of the galaxies and their distance in 1929, Einstein abandoned his static
Einstein's_static_universe
Hypothetical group of multiple universes
In recent years, there have been proponents and skeptics of multiverse theories within the physics community. Although some scientists have analyzed data
Multiverse
Everything in space and time
Fruchter; et al. (1999). "Measurements of Omega and Lambda from 42 high redshift supernovae". Astrophysical Journal. 517 (2): 565–586. arXiv:astro-ph/9812133
Universe
Hypothesis about sapient life and the universe
aspects of a physical theory need be observable and/or testable for the theory to be accepted, and that many well-accepted theories are far from completely
Anthropic_principle
Model of the universe – alternative to the Big Bang model
cosmology, the steady-state model or steady-state theory was an alternative to the Big Bang theory. In the steady-state model, the density of matter in
Steady-state_model
Time coordinate used in cosmology
observations and theoretical models may use redshift as a time-like parameter. Cosmic time and redshift z are related. In case of flat universe without
Cosmic_time
Condition in which spacetime itself breaks down
and precise definition of singularities exist in the theory of general relativity, the current theory of gravity. A singularity in general relativity can
Gravitational_singularity
All of space observable from the Earth at the present
progressively redder and fainter light. For instance, objects with the current redshift z from 5 to 10 will only be observable up to an age of 4–6 billion years
Observable_universe
Frequency change of a wave for observer relative to its source
moving away from the observer. In cosmology, the redshift of expansion is considered separate from redshifts due to gravity or Doppler motion. Distant galaxies
Doppler_effect
Cosmological models involving indefinite, self-sustaining cycles
indefinite, self-sustaining cycles. For example, the oscillating universe theory briefly considered by Albert Einstein in 1930 theorized a universe following
Cyclic_model
structures Georges Henri Lemaître (1894–1966) proposed the big bang theory and the distance-redshift relation Janna Levin (1967–) seeks evidence for a bounded universe
List_of_cosmologists
Branch of physics that studies mathematical models of the universe
including the cosmic microwave background, distant supernovae and galaxy redshift surveys, have led to the development of a standard model of cosmology.
Physical_cosmology
Proposed theory of gravitation
local Lorentz frames. This implies in turn that metric theories all exhibit the gravitational redshift effect. As in general relativity, the source of the
Brans–Dicke_theory
Field-equations in general relativity
In the general theory of relativity, the Einstein field equations (EFE; also known as Einstein's equations) relate the geometry of spacetime to the distribution
Einstein_field_equations
Description of gravity using discrete values
gravity (QG) is a field of theoretical physics that seeks unification of the theory of gravity with the principles of quantum mechanics. It deals with environments
Quantum_gravity
Unified field theory
In physics, Kaluza–Klein theory (KK theory) is an attempt at creating a unified field theory of gravitation and electromagnetism based on the idea of
Kaluza–Klein_theory
Israeli mathematician (born 1982)
Yanovski, Lior (2024). "Descent and cyclotomic redshift for chromatically localized algebraic 𝐾-theory". Journal of the American Mathematical Society
Tomer_Schlank
Theory of rapid universe expansion
cosmology, cosmic inflation, cosmological inflation, or just inflation, is a theory of exponential expansion of space in the very early universe. This enormous
Cosmic_inflation
Equations describing classical electromagnetism
force law. The publication of the equations marked the unification of a theory for previously separately described phenomena: magnetism, electricity, light
Maxwell's_equations
Cosmological formulas for expanding universe
small redshifts. The expressions for these distances are most practical when written as functions of redshift z {\displaystyle z} , since redshift is always
Distance_measure
Phenomenon of redshift in cosmology
degrees. The non-integrated Sachs–Wolfe effect is caused by gravitational redshift occurring at the surface of last scattering. The effect is not constant
Sachs–Wolfe_effect
Cosmological time duration
galaxies seemed to be (the dimmer they appeared) the greater was their redshift, and thus the faster they seemed to be moving away. This was the first
Age_of_the_universe
Theories about the end of the universe
moving away from each other, leading to the currently accepted Big Bang theory. This suggests that the universe began very dense about 13.787 billion years
Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe
Measured time difference as explained by relativity theory
1959, Robert Pound and Glen Rebka measured the very slight gravitational redshift in the frequency of light emitted at a lower height, where Earth's gravitational
Time_dilation
Theory of gravity by Albert Einstein
General relativity is a theory of gravitation developed by Albert Einstein between 1907 and 1915. The theory of general relativity says that the observed
Introduction to general relativity
Introduction_to_general_relativity
Region in spacetime from which nothing can escape
appears to slow down, never quite crossing the horizon. Due to gravitational redshift, its image reddens over time as the object moves closer to the horizon
Event_horizon
Test of gravitational redshift
general theory of relativity to update his earlier heuristic arguments predicting gravitational redshift to a more rigorous form. Gravitational redshift and
Pound–Rebka_experiment
Y-type brown dwarf in the constellation Boötes
distant Lyman-break galaxy with a photometric redshift (z) of 32, a dusty interloper galaxy with a redshift (z) of 6, a rogue planet, a Y2–Y3 spectral type
Capotauro
Proposed theories of gravity
they predict zero gravitational redshift when the wave version of light (Maxwell theory) is used, and nonzero redshift when the particle version (photon)
Alternatives to general relativity
Alternatives_to_general_relativity
American astronomer (1889–1953)
the redshift remained unclear. Lemaître predicted on theoretical grounds based on Albert Einstein's equations for general relativity the redshift-distance
Edwin_Hubble
Lyman-break galaxy that is one of the oldest galaxies known
spectroscopic redshift of 12.34, making it one of the most distant galaxies and astronomical objects ever discovered. According to current theory, this redshift corresponds
GHZ2
Static exact solution in general relativity
In Einstein's theory of general relativity, the interior Schwarzschild metric (also interior Schwarzschild solution or Schwarzschild fluid solution) is
Interior_Schwarzschild_metric
Scientific theory of the origin of chemical elements
proportions to explain their abundance in the early universe. While the original theory neglected a number of processes important to the formation of heavy elements
Alpher–Bethe–Gamow_paper
Increase in distance between parts of the universe
dynamics. For photons, expansion leads to the cosmological redshift. While the cosmological redshift is often explained as the stretching of photon wavelengths
Expansion_of_the_universe
Since the emergence of the Big Bang theory as the dominant physical cosmological paradigm, there have been a variety of reactions by religious groups regarding
Religious interpretations of the Big Bang theory
Religious_interpretations_of_the_Big_Bang_theory
Physical constant equal to the speed of light
In classical theories of gravitation, the changes in a gravitational field propagate. A change in the distribution of energy and momentum of matter results
Speed_of_gravity
Poorly understood class of astronomical objects
the stars. Research has shown that LRDs do not commonly exist at lower redshifts. One possible reason for this observation is "inside-out growth." When
Little_Red_Dots
Origins of Einstein's gravitation theory
General relativity is a theory of gravitation that was developed by Albert Einstein between 1907 and 1915, with contributions by many others after 1915
History_of_general_relativity
High-redshift galaxy in the constellation Fornax
It has a redshift of 13.01+0.02 −0.01, making it one of the most distant galaxies discovered. According to current theory, this redshift corresponds
JADES-GS-z13-1
Hypothetical vacuum, less stable than true vacuum
In quantum field theory, a false vacuum is a hypothetical vacuum state that is locally stable but does not occupy the most stable possible ground state
False_vacuum
Value representing energy density of space
predicted the expansion of the universe in theory, before it was demonstrated in observation of the cosmological redshift—as his "biggest blunder" (according
Cosmological_constant
Fluctuations in the density of the normal matter of the universe
recombination happened when the universe was around 379,000 years old, or at a redshift of z = 1089. At this age, the size of BAO bubbles were 450,000 light-years
Baryon_acoustic_oscillations
Notation in general relativity
itself a special case of the tetrad formalism, where the tensors of the theory are projected onto a complete vector basis at each point in spacetime. Usually
Newman–Penrose_formalism
Exact solution to the Einstein field equations
rest of the observable universe. Albert Einstein, who had developed his theory of general relativity in 1915, initially denied the possibility of black
Oppenheimer–Snyder_model
Reconciliation between dark energy and dark matter
Dark fluid theory also suggests new models, such as a certain f(K+R) model that suggests interesting corrections to MOND that depend on redshift and density
Dark_fluid
Aspect of relativity in physics
Redshifting of gravitational waves is different from redshifting due to gravity (gravitational redshift). In the framework of quantum field theory, the
Gravitational_wave
Theory that the universe is the same in all directions
metric Large-scale structure of the cosmos Expansion of the universe Redshift Local (astronomy) Keel, William C. (2007). The Road to Galaxy Formation
Cosmological_principle
Possible fate of the universe
after a long time period. The theory of heat death stems from the ideas of Lord Kelvin who, in the 1850s, took the theory of heat as mechanical energy
Heat_death_of_the_universe
Subject area in mathematics
K-theory of a category K-group of a field K-theory spectrum Redshift conjecture Topological K-theory Rigidity (K-theory) Weibel 1999 Grothendieck 1957, Borel–Serre
Algebraic_K-theory
Aspect of the history of modern physical cosmology
radiation should be detectable, albeit as microwaves, due to a massive redshift. When his friend Bernard F. Burke, a professor of physics at MIT, told
Discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation
Discovery_of_cosmic_microwave_background_radiation
Study of the universe
which was subsequently corroborated by Edwin Hubble's discovery of the redshift in 1929 and later by the discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation
Cosmology
Concept in cosmology
the Giant Void, which measures 1.3 billion light-years across. Based on redshift survey data, in 1989 Margaret Geller and John Huchra discovered the "Great
Large-scale structure of the universe
Large-scale_structure_of_the_universe
Hypothetical FTL transportation by warping space
have presented arguments to suggest that a theory of quantum gravity (which would incorporate both theories) would eliminate those solutions in general
Alcubierre_drive
Black holes are characterized only by mass, charge, and spin
tending to support). Magnetic charge, if detected as predicted by some theories, would form the fourth parameter possessed by a classical black hole.[citation
No-hair_theorem
This timeline of cosmological theories and discoveries is a chronological record of the development of humanity's understanding of the cosmos over the
Timeline of cosmological theories
Timeline_of_cosmological_theories
Physical model of propagating energy
lines for an element, called a redshift, can be used to determine the star's cosmological distance. The modern theory that explains the nature of light
Electromagnetic_radiation
Path of an object through spacetime
Minkowski. The term is now used most often in the context of relativity theories (i.e., special relativity and general relativity). A world line of an object
World_line
Representation of the symmetry group of spacetime in special relativity
theories. The development of the representation theory has historically followed the development of the more general theory of representation theory of
Representation theory of the Lorentz group
Representation_theory_of_the_Lorentz_group
Mathematical model of the Big Bang
an expansion of the spatial metric that is well documented, both as the redshift of prominent spectral absorption or emission lines in the light from distant
Lambda-CDM_model
Hypothetical scenario for the ultimate fate of the universe
Hogg, David W. (August 2009). "The Kinematic Origin of the Cosmological Redshift". American Journal of Physics. 77 (8): 688–694. arXiv:0808.1081. Bibcode:2009AmJPh
Big_Crunch
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