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Voting system for participatory budgeting
The average voting rule is a rule for group decision-making when the decision is a distribution (e.g. the allocation of a budget among different issues)
Average_voting_rule
Method for group decision-making
The median voting rule or median mechanism is a rule for group decision-making along a one-dimensional domain. Each person votes by writing down his/her
Median_voting_rule
Method by which voters make a choice between options
These rules govern all aspects of the voting process: when elections occur, who is allowed to vote, who can stand as a candidate, how many votes are cast
Electoral_system
Decision rule that selects alternatives that have a majority
democracy No independence before majority rule (NIBMAR) Ochlocracy Quadratic voting Voting system criterion Voting system Ball, Terence and Antis Loizides
Majority_rule
Point-based ranked voting system
The Borda method or order of merit is a positional voting rule that gives a candidate a number of points equal to the number of candidates ranked below
Borda_count
Decision rules for participatory budgeting
The average voting rule is an aggregation rule that simply returns the arithmetic mean of all individual distributions. It is the unique rule that satisfies
Budget-proposal_aggregation
Single-winner rated voting system
and the candidate with the highest average score is elected. Score voting includes the well-known approval voting (used to calculate approval ratings)
Score_voting
Electoral systems with independent candidate ratings
Rated, evaluative, graded, or cardinal voting rules are a class of voting methods that allow voters to state how strongly they support a candidate, by
Rated_voting
Comparative politics for electoral systems
methods to compare voting systems: Metrics of voter satisfaction, either through simulation or survey. Adherence to logical criteria. Voting methods can be
Comparison of electoral systems
Comparison_of_electoral_systems
Type of electoral system
plurality rule and where each voter casts just one vote in a multi-seat district is known as single non-transferable voting. Plurality voting is widely
Plurality_voting
Family of proportional election methods
Multiwinner approval voting, sometimes also called approval-based committee (ABC) voting, is a kind of multiwinner elections in which the voters cast
Multiwinner_approval_voting
Plurality voting system
single-winner voting rule. Each voter marks one candidate as their favorite, or first-preference, and the candidate with more first-preference votes than any
First-past-the-post_voting
Criterion for evaluating fairness of electoral systems
Skowron studies the proportionality degree of multiwinner voting rules - a lower bound on the average satisfaction of all groups of a certain size: Sequential
Justified_representation
Type of voting rules for an election
median voting rules are a class of graded voting rules where the candidate with the highest median rating is elected. The various highest median rules differ
Highest_median_voting_rules
three-round voting method to aggregate expert opinions and reach a consensus. Common belief aggregation rules include: Linear aggregation (also called average voting
Belief_aggregation
Voting systems that use ranked ballots
Ranked voting is any voting system that uses voters' rankings of candidates to choose a single winner or multiple winners. More formally, a ranked vote system
Ranked_voting
Voting system that makes outcomes proportional to vote totals
inclusive voting procedures Election districts voting improves PR with overlapping districts elections for first-past-the-post, alternative-vote, and
Proportional_representation
Political slogan
"One man, one vote" or "one vote, one value" is a slogan used to advocate for the principle of equal representation in voting. This slogan is used by
One_man,_one_vote
Single-winner electoral system
Approval voting is a single-winner rated voting system where voters approve of any number of candidates named on a ballot, and the candidate with the most
Approval_voting
some pre-determined rule, to yield the actual budget allocation. Various aggregation rules have been studied. In the average voting rule, the implemented
Moving-phantoms_mechanism
Single-winner electoral system
also known as the beatpath method, is a single winner ranked-choice voting rule developed by Markus Schulze. The Schulze method is a Condorcet completion
Schulze_method
Single-winner ranked-choice electoral system
Instant-runoff voting (IRV; US/CA: ranked-choice voting (RCV), AU: preferential voting, UK/NZ: alternative vote) is a single-winner ranked voting election system
Instant-runoff_voting
Method of counting votes and determining results
Phragmén's voting rules are rules for multiwinner voting. They allow voters to vote for individual candidates rather than parties, while still guaranteeing
Phragmén's_voting_rules
called weights) in rules of apportionment, or in algorithms of fair division with different entitlements. Fractional approval voting is a special case
Fractional_approval_voting
Single-winner electoral system
Nanson's rule, in which candidates less than but not equal to the average Borda count score are eliminated in each round. Candidates are voted for on ranked
Nanson's_method
Voting system
on to a second election (a second round of voting). The two-round system is in the family of plurality voting systems that also includes single-round plurality
Two-round_system
Social choice problem
Multi-issue voting is a setting in which several issues have to be decided by voting. Multi-issue voting raises several considerations, that are not relevant
Multi-issue_voting
Form of voting that allows delegation
Proxy voting is a form of voting whereby a member of a decision-making body may delegate their voting power to a representative, to enable a vote in absence
Proxy_voting
Collective decision-making procedure
Quadratic voting (QV) is a voting system that encourages voters to express their true relative intensity of preference (utility) between multiple options
Quadratic_voting
Choosing a candidate other than preferred to undercut a less desired one
Strategic or tactical voting is voting in consideration of possible ballots cast by other voters in order to maximize one's satisfaction with the election's
Strategic_voting
Method to make collective decisions
definition of voting beyond the classic decision-making procedure description. Research on herd animal voting behaviours show that voting can be emergent
Voting
Voting requirement above 50% for passage
a simple majority, which is sometimes expressed as a "50% + 1 vote". Supermajority rules in a democracy can help to prevent a majority from eroding fundamental
Supermajority
Multi-winner electoral system
ticket voting. In Ireland and Malta, surplus votes are transferred as whole votes (there may be some randomness) and neither allows ticket voting. In Hare–Clark
Single_transferable_vote
Electoral or law making voting system
Weighted voting are voting rules that grant some voters a greater influence than others (which contrasts with rules that assign every voter an equal vote). Such
Weighted_voting
Rule for proportional allocation
The highest averages, divisor, or divide-and-round methods are a family of apportionment rules, i.e. algorithms for fair division of seats in a legislature
Highest_averages_method
Multiple-winner electoral system
variant of block voting. Under both cumulative voting and block voting, a voter casts multiple votes but in the case of cumulative voting, can lump them
Cumulative_voting
Property of electoral systems
Plurality voting Instant-runoff voting Borda count Approval Voting Coombs' rule Bucklin voting (and the closely related median voting) Score Voting With plurality
Condorcet_winner
Rule in math and political science
highest averages methods) violate the quota rule in situations where upholding it would cause a population paradox, although unbiased apportionment rules like
Quota_rule
Single-winner electoral system
voting rules—similar voting method, based on medians instead of averages and verbal appreciations instead of notes Unified primary—alternate voting method
STAR_voting
Mixed electoral system with compensation
The alternative vote plus (AV+), or alternative vote top-up, is a semi-proportional voting system. AV+ was devised by the 1998 Jenkins Commission which
Alternative_vote_plus
Proof all ranked voting rules have spoilers
option, C. The result is often cited in discussions of voting rules, where it shows no ranked voting rule can eliminate the spoiler effect. This result was
Arrow's_impossibility_theorem
Vote supporting only a single candidate
single-shot, or plump voting is when a voter supports only a single candidate, typically to show strong support for a single favorite. Every voting method that
Bullet_voting
Government system where political power lies with the people
with the stone voting ballots used by the Athenian citizenry. Sparta adopted it because of its simplicity, and to prevent any biased voting, buying, or cheating
Democracy
Single-winner ranked-voting electoral system
other ranked-vote systems – such as single transferable voting (STV), instant-runoff voting (IRV), Coombs' method, and Baldwin's method – allow for many
Contingent_vote
Single-winner cardinal voting system
single-winner voting system proposed in 2010 by Michel Balinski and Rida Laraki. It is a kind of highest median rule, a cardinal voting system that elects
Majority_judgment
Baseball statistic
The adjusted batting average is a baseball statistic that compensates for factors inherently unique to each individual hitter such as era, home ballpark
Adjusted_batting_average
1858–1947 Crown rule in India
Raj (/ˈrɑːdʒ/ RAHJ; from Hindustani rāj, 'reign', 'rule' or 'government') was the period of rule of the British Crown on the Indian subcontinent, lasting
British_Raj
Proportional-representation voting system
the apportionment for some parties. These rules are typically contrasted with the more popular highest averages methods (also called divisor methods). By
Largest_remainder_method
Multiple-winner electoral system
approval voting (SAV), also known as equal and even cumulative voting, is an electoral system that is a form of multiwinner approval voting as well as
Satisfaction_approval_voting
Single-winner ranked voting rule
voting, Coombs' rule is extremely vulnerable to strategic voting. As a result, it is more often used as an example of a pathological voting rule than a serious
Coombs'_method
Election result affecting losing candidate
degree, are instant-runoff voting (often called ranked-choice voting (RCV) in the US) and the two-round system (TRS). Majority-rule (or Condorcet) methods
Spoiler_effect
Process of electing more than one winner in the same election / district
other principles, such as minimax approval voting and its generalisations, as well as Phragmen's voting rules and the method of equal shares. The complexity
Multiwinner_voting
Theorem in political science
Kenneth Arrow. Similar median voter theorems exist for rules like score voting and approval voting when voters are either strategic and informed or if voters'
Median_voter_theorem
Single-winner electoral system
sometimes called the usual judgment or continuous Bucklin voting, is a single-winner rated voting rule that selects the candidate with the highest median score
Graduated_majority_judgment
Self-contradiction of majority rule
voting paradox (also called Condorcet's paradox or the Condorcet paradox) is a fundamental discovery by the Marquis de Condorcet that majority rule is
Condorcet_paradox
Offensive position in baseball and softball
All-Star voting similar to how it had already been included in American League voting. For the 2021 All-Star Game, MLB granted an exception to the DH rule because
Designated_hitter
Social choice theorem on superiority of majority voting
publication. If rated voting is allowed, a wide variety of rules satisfy May's conditions, including score voting or highest median voting rules. Arrow's theorem
May's_theorem
the backward induction winner in Stackelberg voting games.[clarification needed] Let r be a voting rule: a function that takes as input a list of n ranked
Batch_summability
Number of votes a candidate needs to win
have full quota. Quota rule Single transferable vote Proportional representation Largest remainders method Instant-runoff voting Pukelsheim, Friedrich
Electoral_quota
Electoral district with one representative in a legislature
sizeable minority (or even a majority, in the case of plurality voting) of the electorate votes for candidates from other parties. This enables political parties
Single-member_district
Electoral system with lottery among ballots
ballot-paper will receive extra votes as a result, from voters who are apathetic (especially in elections with compulsory voting) or who have a strong preference
Random_ballot
Study of rational collective decision-making
theorem proves a stronger result for ranked-choice voting systems, showing that no such voting rule can be sincere (i.e. free of reversed preferences)
Social_choice_theory
Mixed electoral system
proportional representation (PR). First-past-the-post voting alongside PR is a common pairing in parallel voting, but many other combinations are possible. The
Parallel_voting
Single-winner positional electoral system
candidate with the fewest votes against wins. Anti-plurality voting is an example of a positional voting method. Suppose Tennessee is holding an election on the
Anti-plurality_voting
Electoral pathology or paradox
instant-runoff voting (IRV), the single transferable vote, and the two-round system. Some quota-based apportionment methods also violate the rule, as can the
Non-negative_responsiveness
Pairwise-comparison electoral system
result, all Condorcet methods reduce to simple majority rule in most cases.) Under many models of voting, the Condorcet winner is typically the same as the
Condorcet_method
Multi-winner, semi-proportional electoral system
limited voting where each elector has one vote, or as a simple version of single transferable vote where votes are not transferred. Unlike block voting or
Single_non-transferable_vote
Probabilistic Condorcet method
Maximal lotteries are a probabilistic voting rule that use ranked ballots and returns a lottery over candidates that a majority of voters will prefer
Maximal_lotteries
Combination of direct and representative democracy
foundation of proxy voting but differs from this earlier model in the degree of scale. Unlike proxy voting, liquid democratic votes may be delegated to
Liquid_democracy
Process by which electors can vote prior to the scheduled election day
Early voting, also called advance polling or pre-poll voting, is a convenience voting process by which voters in a public election can vote before a scheduled
Early_voting
Class of ranked-choice electoral systems
Positional voting is a ranked voting electoral system in which the options or candidates receive points based on their rank position on each ballot and
Positional_voting
Performance metric for voting methods
satisfaction efficiency (VSE) is a metric for comparing voting methods which compares them based on the average well-being of voters. It is also known as utilitarian
Social_utility_efficiency
Selection of decision-makers by random sample
voters to study and vote on a public policy, while Deliberative opinion polling invites a random sample to deliberate together before voting on a policy. Andranik
Sortition
Overview of topic
Postal voting in the United States, also referred to as mail-in voting or vote by mail, is a form of absentee ballot in the United States. A ballot is
Postal voting in the United States
Postal_voting_in_the_United_States
Season of television series
fan voting categories for season 50". Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved April 17, 2025. Ross, Dalton (May 14, 2025). "Survivor reveals final fan voting category
Survivor 50: In the Hands of the Fans
Survivor_50:_In_the_Hands_of_the_Fans
Lower house of the U.S. Congress
Reapportionment Act of 1929 capped the number of voting members of the House at 435. Five non-voting delegates represent the District of Columbia and
United States House of Representatives
United_States_House_of_Representatives
Phenomenon in electoral systems
Tactical voting – Voters in countries that can cast a vote in the list vote and cast a local vote (such as Germany) may decide not to vote for a local
Overhang_seat
Reality competition show
The Challenge (originally known as Road Rules: All Stars, followed by Real World/Road Rules Challenge) is a reality competition show that is a spin-off
The_Challenge_(TV_series)
as in the rest of Japan. Voting rights in the United States Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act Federal voting rights in Puerto Rico The
District of Columbia federal voting rights
District_of_Columbia_federal_voting_rights
Votes that do not impact an election
reduce wasted votes. Strategic voting, also known as tactical voting, is a voting behaviour that attempts to reduce the chance of a vote being wasted.
Wasted_vote
Votes required to win a seat in proportional systems
Douglass. "Properties of Preferential Election Rules". Voting Matters (3). Lee, Kap-Yun (1999). "The Votes Mattered: Decreasing Party Support under the
Droop_quota
Criterion that prevents lesser-evil voting
ranked voting systems fail this criterion. Lesser-evil-voting is particularly prevalent in plurality-based voting systems like ranked choice voting (RCV)
Sincere_favorite_criterion
Facet of American elections
often as needed, before casting the vote. Staff initialize each voter once on the machine, to avoid repeat voting. Voting data and ballot images are recorded
Electronic voting in the United States
Electronic_voting_in_the_United_States
Type of mixed electoral system
Germany, citizens gave only one vote, so that voting for a representative automatically meant also voting for the representative's party, which is still
Mixed-member proportional representation
Mixed-member_proportional_representation
Non-proportional electoral system
non-transferable vote, and block plurality voting, is a type of block voting method for multi-winner elections. Each voter may cast as many votes as the number
Plurality_block_voting
US federal legislation
The Voting Rights Act of 1965 is a landmark U.S. federal statute that prohibits racial discrimination in voting. It was signed into law by President Lyndon
Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965
Agreement by all people in a situation
Robert's Rules of Order, a "unanimous vote" is not specifically defined, although an abstention is not counted as a vote regardless of the voting threshold
Unanimity
Invalid ballot that is not counted
In voting, a ballot is not included in the vote count if a law declares or an election authority determines that it is spoilt (chiefly British), spoiled
Spoilt_vote
Principle that voting for a candidate should help them
law, where courts have ruled such a possibility violates the principle of one man, one vote. Positional methods and score voting satisfy the participation
Participation_criterion
Way to distribute seats in a legislative body
and properties of apportionment rules. The simplest and most universal principle is that elections should give each vote an equal weight. This is both intuitive
Apportionment_(politics)
Requirement of a social choice rule
is not perfectly consistent. Most voting rules are anonymous and neutral by design. For example, plurality voting is anonymous and neutral, since only
Symmetry_(social_choice)
Political process
reduce the number of parties since voters voting for smaller parties have a higher risk of having their votes wasted. Strong autocrats can prefer a fragmented
Political_fragmentation
Electoral system thresholds
the spare vote: Single transferable vote (and its single winner version instant-runoff voting also called the alternative vote), contingent vote, and supplementary
Spare_vote
Class of electoral systems
elections-related topics Voting system Plurality voting system Instant-runoff voting Approval voting Score voting Borda count Expanding Approvals Rule Specific Hermann
Bucklin_voting
Illegal campaign method
candidates. Voters may be given money or other rewards for voting in a particular way, or not voting. In some jurisdictions, the offer or giving of other rewards
Vote_buying
(preferential voting; ordinal voting) (allows vote transfers) score (cardinal voting) Decision rule No quotas Plurality (candidate or candidates with most votes wins
List_of_electoral_systems
Multiple-winner electoral system
who gave it the name "proportional approval voting." Like its close cousin, satisfaction approval voting, PAV can be thought of as selecting a committee
Proportional_approval_voting
Variant of party-list voting system
Party block voting (general ticket) with a closed list Côte d'Ivoire (party block voting in multi-member districts) Singapore (party block voting in multi-member
Closed_list
Social choice theory problem
Cake-sharing can be seen as a continuous analogue of multiwinner voting. In multiwinner voting, a group of agents has to choose together some b candidates
Cake_sharing
Election law in Georgia, United States
Constitution and Section Two of the Voting Rights Act of 1965, which forbids racially discriminatory voting rules. The Georgia NAACP further alleges that
Election Integrity Act of 2021
Election_Integrity_Act_of_2021
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