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A T memory stem cell (TSCM) is a type of long-lived memory T cell with the ability to reconstitute the full diversity of memory and effector T cell subpopulations
T_memory_stem_cell
Subset of T lymphocytes
Memory T cells are a subset of T lymphocytes that might have some of the same functions as memory B cells. Their lineage is unclear. Antigen-specific
Memory_T_cell
Unspecialized biological cell that can become specialized
multicellular organisms, stem cells are undifferentiated or partially differentiated cells that can change into various types of cells and proliferate indefinitely
Stem_cell
Type of white blood cell
B-cell receptors. When a naïve or memory B cell is activated by an antigen, it proliferates and differentiates into an antibody-secreting effector cell
B_cell
Type of white blood cell
of a T-cell receptor (TCR) on their cell surface. T cells are born from hematopoietic stem cells, found in the bone marrow. Developing T cells then migrate
T_cell
Use of stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition
Stem-cell therapy uses stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition. As of 2024[update], the only FDA-approved therapy using stem cells is hematopoietic
Stem-cell_therapy
T cell which has not yet encountered its cognate antigen
naive cells with different properties. For instance, some non-naive T cells express surface markers similar to naive T cells (Tscm, stem cell memory T cells;
Naive_T_cell
Ethical concerns about embryonic stem cell research and medical use
stem cells. Not all stem cell research involves human embryos. For example, adult stem cells, amniotic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells
Stem_cell_controversy
Semi-solid tissue in the spongy portions of bones
of memory cells, vii) immune surveillance of the central nervous system, viii) adaptation to energy crisis, ix) provision of mesenchymal stem cells for
Bone_marrow
Type of cells of the immunological system
Lymphoid cells (lymphocytes) include T cells (subdivided into helper T cells, memory T cells, cytotoxic T cells), B cells (subdivided into plasma cells and
White_blood_cell
Multipotent adult stem cells present in multiple tissues
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), also known as mesenchymal stromal cells or medicinal signaling cells, are multipotent stromal cells that can differentiate
Mesenchymal_stem_cell
Ability of the immune system to quickly and specifically recognize an antigen
antigen, some of the antigen-specific T cells and B cells persist in the body and become long-living memory T and B cells. After a second encounter with the
Immunological_memory
Process which produces lymphocytes
exception of memory B and T cells, have short lives measured in days or weeks and must be continuously generated throughout life by cell division and
Lymphopoiesis
T-cell depletion (TCD) is the process of T cell removal or reduction, which alters the immune system and its responses. Depletion can occur naturally
T-cell_depletion
T cell that kills infected, damaged or cancerous cells
A killer T cell (also known as TC, cytotoxic T lymphocyte, CTL, T-killer cell, cytolytic T cell, CD8+ T-cell or cd8) is a T lymphocyte (a type of white
Cytotoxic_T_cell
Method of creating a cloned embryo by replacing the egg nucleus with a body cell nucleus
stem cells. Though recent studies have put in question how similar iPS cells are to embryonic stem cells. Epigenetic memory in iPS affects the cell lineage
Somatic_cell_nuclear_transfer
Epigenetic phenomenon
Ichisaka T, Tomoda K, Yamanaka S (November 2007). "Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors". Cell. 131 (5):
Epigenetic_reprogramming
Overview article
Embryonic stem cells are capable of self-renewing and differentiating to the desired fate depending on their position in the body. Stem cell homeostasis
Epigenetics in stem-cell differentiation
Epigenetics_in_stem-cell_differentiation
Transformation of a stem cell to a more specialized cell
specification, is the process in which a stem cell changes from one type to a differentiated one. Usually, the cell changes to a more specialized type. Differentiation
Cellular_differentiation
Ability of certain substances to produce several distinct biological responses
differentiate into different cell types in the case of pluripotent stem cells. One type of pluripotent cell, called a hematopoietic stem cell, can differentiate
Pluripotency (biological compounds)
Pluripotency_(biological_compounds)
Medical therapy involving transplant of cells expanded ex vivo
naïve T cells into stem cell memory, central memory, effector memory, and ultimately terminally differentiated effector T cell populations. CD8+ T cells paradoxically
Adoptive_cell_transfer
PMC 12521743. Rahimi RA, Luster AD (2018). Chemokines: Critical Regulators of Memory T Cell Development, Maintenance, and Function. Advances in Immunology. Vol
List_of_immune_cells
Flatworms of the Turbellaria class
used as model organisms in studies of regeneration, stem cells, aging, toxicology, genetics, and memory. Phylogenetic supertree after Sluys et al., 2009:
Planarian
Subtype of white blood cell
cell (leukocyte) in the immune system of most vertebrates. Lymphocytes include T cells (for cell-mediated and cytotoxic adaptive immunity), B cells (for
Lymphocyte
Immune system deterioration brought on by aging
Allard M, Abed Maillard S, et al. (April 2015). "Long-lasting stem cell-like memory CD8+ T cells with a naïve-like profile upon yellow fever vaccination".
Immunosenescence
Type of cytotoxic lymphocyte
lymphoid cells (ILC), and represent 5–20% of all circulating lymphocytes in humans. The role of NK cells is analogous to that of cytotoxic T cells in the
Natural_killer_cell
Cancer of plasma cells
stem cell transplant. Bisphosphonates and radiation therapy are sometimes used to reduce pain from bone lesions. New approaches utilizing CAR-T cell therapy
Multiple_myeloma
Generation of cells within the nervous system
Neurogenesis is the process by which nervous system cells, the neurons, are produced by neural stem cells (NSCs). This occurs in all species of animals except
Neurogenesis
methylation, histone modification, and microRNA expression regulate neural stem-cell proliferation, differentiation, maturation, and integration into neural
Epigenetic regulation of neurogenesis
Epigenetic_regulation_of_neurogenesis
Human lectin protein
expressed in hematopoietic stem cells, T cells, and many other cell types in the immune system. It is also implicated in T cell differentiation as well as
CD69
The list of human cell types provides an enumeration and description of the various specialized cells found within the human body, highlighting their
List_of_human_cell_types
Indian American scientist
Indian American scientist whose research focuses on immunology and adult stem cell biology. She is a Professor of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Dermatology
Shruti_Naik
Subsystem of the immune system
cell, all progeny (offspring) of that cell inherit genes that encode the same receptor specificity, including the memory B cells and memory T cells that
Adaptive_immune_system
Biological system protecting an organism against disease
lymphocytes. B cells and T cells are the major types of lymphocytes and are derived from hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow. B cells are involved
Immune_system
Endogenous non-cancerous pluripotent stem cell
A Muse cell (Multi-lineage differentiating stress-enduring cell) is an endogenous non-cancerous pluripotent stem cell. They reside in the connective tissue
Muse_cell
Presence of cells originating from another individual
several different cell types have been identified, such as various immune lineages, mesenchymal stem cells, and placental-derived cells. A 2012 study at
Microchimerism
Immunodeficient laboratory mice brand
"SCID mouse models of human stem cell engraftment". Stem Cells. 16 (3): 166–177. doi:10.1002/stem.160166. PMID 9617892. Blunt T, Finnie NJ, Taccioli GE,
NSG_mouse
Novel computer memory type
measured during reads, allowing a single cell to represent two bits, doubling memory density. Phase-change memory devices based on germanium, antimony and
Phase-change_memory
Mammalian protein found in humans
types of immune cells. Naive T lymphocytes are typically positive for CD45RA, which includes only the A protein region. Activated and memory T lymphocytes
PTPRC
American biochemist
established that these regenerative cells arise from differentiated tissue rather than a reserve of dedicated stem cells. Comparisons with frogs, which cannot
Elly_Tanaka
Australian scientist
and Immunity. She has made significant contributions to the field of T cell memory and tissue immunity, with Mackay being listed as a Highly Cited Researcher™
Laura_Mackay
Protein complex
pluripotent embryonic cells, creating a cellular memory of somatic cell identity during cellular differentiation. Cells resembling 2-cell-stage mouse embryos
Chromatin_assembly_factor_1
American biomedical research organization
focus at Gladstone is building on the development of induced pluripotent stem cell technology by one of its investigators, 2012 Nobel Laureate Shinya Yamanaka
Gladstone_Institutes
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
regulator' of hematopoietic stem cells, and plays a critical role in the development of plasma B cells, T cells, dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, and osteoclasts
PRDM1
HIV functional cure without medication
Long-term Nonprogressors Are Associated With Low HIV Reservoir in Central Memory CD4 T Cells". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 54 (10): 1495–1503. doi:10.1093/cid/cis188
HIV_remission
differentiation and age-related depletion of neural stem cells in the adult hippocampus. Cell stem cell, 8(5), 566–579. "Alexei Koulakov - Faculty Profile"
Alexei_Koulakov
Accessory cell of the mammalian immune system
CD8+ T cells, the formation of CD8+ memory T cells requires the interaction of dendritic cells with CD4+ helper T cells. This help from CD4+ T cells additionally
Dendritic_cell
Type of white blood cell
veto activity. Subtypes of CD8+ T cells such as Central memory T-cell are also excellent veto cells. Different veto cells possess different elimination
Veto_cell
Series of molecular signals
mammalian neural stem cells". Genes & Development. 16 (7): 846–858. doi:10.1101/gad.975202. PMC 186324. PMID 11937492. Liu ZJ, Shirakawa T, Li Y, Soma A
Notch_signaling_pathway
Deterioration of function with age
they originate from the same stem cells (See T-cells and erythrocytes), meaning that aging can occur differently in cells that have longer lifespans as
Senescence
induce a T-cell-mediated response to the vaccine and that re-infusing these T cells after an extremely lymphodepletive therapy –autologous stem cell transplant
Immunotransplant
Generating of neurons from neural stem cells in adults
dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, where neural stem cells give birth to granule cells (implicated in memory formation and learning). The subventricular zone
Adult_neurogenesis
South Korean immunologist (born 1971)
COVID-19 with the successful development of stem cell-like memory T cells. Moreover, he showed that memory T cells elicited by COVID-19 mRNA vaccination substantially
Eui-Cheol_Shin
Animal connective tissue cell
supportive "feeder cells" in research using human embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells and primary epithelial cell culture. However, many
Fibroblast
Stage of HIV infection
provirus in CD4+ T-cells. Most latently infected cells are resting memory T cells, however a small fraction of latently infected cells isolated from HIV
HIV_latency
Bone marrow cancer in which lymphocytes are overproduced
growth and expansion of white blood cells. This manifestation typically begins with a single hematopoietic stem cell that acquires certain mutations over
Chronic_lymphocytic_leukemia
Group of cytokines
hippocampal-dependent memory function, and partial restoration of long-term potentiation. T lymphocytes regulate the growth and differentiation of T cells and certain
Interleukin
Vertebrate brain region
anterograde amnesia: the inability to form and retain new memories. Since different neuronal cell types are neatly organized into layers in the hippocampus
Hippocampus
Protein-coding gene in humans
neural stem cells in quiescence, preserving the neural stem cells pool from depletion. In the absence of BTG1, the stem and progenitor cells initially
BTG anti-proliferation factor 1
BTG_anti-proliferation_factor_1
Protein found in humans
spleen and thymus, activated human T cells, endothelial progenitors such as angioblasts and mesenchymal stem cells, and strongly expressed on blood vessel
CD146
Chemical compound
glucosinolate into 6-MITC upon cell injury. In 2017, there was a reported trend in Japan to apply freshly grated wasabi stem to the hair because Kinin Corporation
6-(Methylsulfinyl)hexyl isothiocyanate
6-(Methylsulfinyl)hexyl_isothiocyanate
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
generates high-quality mouse-induced pluripotent stem cells". Stem Cells. 33 (3): 686–698. doi:10.1002/stem.1879. PMID 25331067. S2CID 42714024. Dong E, Gavin
Tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 1
Tet_methylcytosine_dioxygenase_1
Protein in the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily
hematopoietic stem cells generated in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros region. Furthermore, CD27 is expressed on both naïve and activated effector T cells as well
CD27
Chemical compound
aged mice reduced senescent cells, including senescent bone marrow hematopoietic stem cells and senescent muscle stem cells. This depletion mitigated total-body
Navitoclax
Group of disorders
or more types of lymphoid cells (a type of white blood cell), i.e. B cells, T cells, NK cells, and histiocytic-dendritic cells, are infected with the Epstein–Barr
Epstein–Barr virus–associated lymphoproliferative diseases
Epstein–Barr_virus–associated_lymphoproliferative_diseases
Italian geneticist (died 2026)
Italy performed the first procedure of gene therapy using hematopoietic stem cells as vectors to deliver genes intended to correct hereditary diseases. This
Claudio_Bordignon
Medical condition
phagocytes Generation of memory cells – Interactions between antibodies and antigens allow B-lymphocytes to establish cellular memories, otherwise known as
B-cell prolymphocytic leukemia
B-cell_prolymphocytic_leukemia
Cell-surface glycoprotein
used to track early T cell development in the thymus. CD44 expression is an indicative marker for effector-memory T-cells. Memory cell proliferation (activation)
CD44
Chemical compound
monitor the proliferation of many other cell types such as smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, hematopoietic stem cells and even bacteria. Another novel application
Carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester
Carboxyfluorescein_succinimidyl_ester
Sierra Sciences Sinclair, David Sleep deprivation Sports medicine Stem cell Stem cell treatments Stone, Irwin Strategies for engineered negligible senescence
Index of topics related to life extension
Index_of_topics_related_to_life_extension
2018 scientific and bioethical controversy
Embryonic Stem Cell Research (2003) of the Ministry of Science and Technology and the National Health Commission of China: Research in human embryonic stem cells
He_Jiankui_affair
Support-cells in the nervous system
crest. The exception is microglia, which are derived from hematopoietic stem cells. In the adult, microglia are largely a self-renewing population and are
Glia
Type of germ cell tumor
pluripotent stem cells develop teratoma more efficiently and faster than human embryonic stem cells regardless the site of injection". Stem Cells. 28 (9):
Teratoma
Israeli psychoneuroimmunologist
the role of sleep in the engraftment and implantation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) in mice. They found that sleep deprivation significantly decreased
Asya_Rolls
Accumulation of mutations
of mutations and epimutations in somatic cells (the cells of a body, as opposed to germ plasm and stem cells) during a lifetime, and the effects of those
Somatic_evolution_in_cancer
Functional tissue of the brain
oligodendrocytes, and ependymal cells, known collectively as macroglia, and the smaller scavenger cells known as microglia. Glial stem cells are found in all parts
Brain_cell
Ethics of neuroscience, and the neuroscience of ethics
Because most stem cell research is still in its preliminary phase, most of the neuroethical issues surrounding stem cells are the same as stem cell ethics,
Neuroethics
immune repertoire, and thus fine-tunes the immune response. Memory B cells and memory T cells ensure the persistence of the immune repertoire after a disease
Immune_repertoire
Biological process where inactive X chromosomes are reactivated
currently known about XCR comes from research limited to mouse models or stem cells. Partial XCR may derepress one or more genes on the Xi, and the level
X-chromosome_reactivation
UK project raising awareness of organ donation
the need for organ, stem cell and blood donors and how to become one. The project was started by British woman Emma Harris in memory of her friend Clare
Little_Yellow_Duck_Project
in the stem cell pool due to apoptosis. However, the question remains whether radiation therapy results in a complete ablation of the stem cell pool in
Radiation-induced cognitive decline
Radiation-induced_cognitive_decline
B cell lymphocytes
adaptive immune system, as they have no memory, but otherwise, B1 cells perform many of the same roles as other B cells: making antibodies against antigens
B1_cell
Serbian Canadian tissue engineer
creating beating heart tissue in a dish using human-induced pluripotent stem cells. Her research has led the replication of diseased human heart tissue that
Milica_Radisic
Study of DNA modifications that do not change its sequence
giving cells a memory. In mammals, most cells terminally differentiate, with only stem cells retaining the ability to differentiate into several cell types
Epigenetics
Taiwanese-American neuroscientist
laboratory has innovated numerous applications of induced pluripotent stem cells for in vitro modeling of neurological diseases. Tsai was born and raised
Li-Huei_Tsai
Series of chemical reactions resulting in a cell response
Recent studies point to the role of hedgehog signaling in regulating adult stem cells involved in maintenance and regeneration of adult tissues. The pathway
Biochemical_cascade
Taiwanese-born American philosopher
extraction method, which removes enough pluripotent stem cells from the inner cell mass to form a stem cell line without harming the embryo. Liao has also
S._Matthew_Liao
spliceosome – splicing – spore – sporophyte – SSRI – starch – stem – stem cell – Stem cell chip – sticky end – stoma – stomach – streptomycin – structural
Index_of_biology_articles
German-American Immunologist and Hematologist
heterogeneity of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). Muller-Sieburg is known for her contributions to the purification of hematopoietic stem cells, the characterization
Christa_Muller-Sieburg
Cell cycle regulation pathway
promote growth and proliferation over differentiation of adult stem cells, neural stem cells specifically. It is the difficulty in finding an appropriate
PI3K/AKT/mTOR_pathway
David Suter, Swiss cell biologist
medical diploma in 2004. He graduated in 2007 with a PhD on embryonic stem cell differentiation and transgenesis, and in 2008, he received his Doctor
David_Suter_(biologist)
Use of biomedical engineering to restore or replace nervous system tissue
implanting stem cells directly into the injury site, delivering morphogens to the injury site, or growing neural tissue in vitro with neural stem or progenitor
Neural_tissue_engineering
Biomedical engineer
the lab showed that allergic inflammation can leave a lasting “memory” in the stem cells of the airway lining, built a cellular atlas of the colon in ulcerative
Alex_K._Shalek
Chemical compound
embryonic stem cells. In mammals, it can be generated by oxidation of 5-methylcytosine, a reaction mediated by TET enzymes. Every mammalian cell seems to
5-Hydroxymethylcytosine
Medical condition
of every five million males. Due to therapies such as chemotherapy and stem cell transplants, the survival rate of XLP1 has increased dramatically since
X-linked lymphoproliferative disease
X-linked_lymphoproliferative_disease
Infection following vaccine administration
T cells and naive B cells. The reduced number of naive lymphocytes (T and B cells) is attributed to the fact that the telomeres in hematopoietic stem
Breakthrough_infection
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
working memory deficits. KMT2A has been found to be an important regulator of epiblast-derived stem cells, post-implantation epiblast derived stem cells which
KMT2A
Type of nerve cell
2013). "Medial ganglionic eminence-like cells derived from human embryonic stem cells correct learning and memory deficits". Nature Biotechnology. 31 (5):
Cholinergic_neuron
Ichisaka T, Tomoda K, et al. (November 2007). "Induction of pluripotent stem cells from adult human fibroblasts by defined factors". Cell. 131 (5): 861–872
Timeline_of_aging_research
Region of the hippocampus in the brain
Hippocampal Neurogenesis Persists throughout Aging". Cell Stem Cell. 22 (4): 589–599.e5. doi:10.1016/j.stem.2018.03.015. PMC 5957089. PMID 29625071. Abbott
Dentate_gyrus
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