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Surroundings of tumors including nearby cells and blood vessels
The tumor microenvironment is a complex ecosystem surrounding a tumor, composed of cancer cells, stromal tissue (including blood vessels, immune cells
Tumor_microenvironment
Invasion of cancer cells into a blood or lymphatic vessel
downregulated. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) have been shown to be abundantly present in the microenvironments of metastasizing tumors. Studies have
Intravasation
Study of the role of the immune system in cancer
essential to maintain self-tolerance. In a tumor, however, Tregs form an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Tumor cells produce special cytokines (such as
Cancer_immunology
Type of macrophage
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are a class of immune cells present in high numbers in the microenvironment of solid tumors. They are heavily involved
Tumor-associated_macrophage
State of unresponsiveness of the immune system
and their interactions all contribute to the changing tumor microenvironment, which the tumor largely manipulates to be immunotolerant so as to avoid
Immune_tolerance
Evolution of a pathogen allowing it to evade the host immune response
employ tumor-induced modulation of the tumor microenvironment (TME) to make it more difficult for the immune system to recognize and respond to tumor cells
Antigenic_escape
Medical diagnostic technique
proteomic analysis toward a better understanding of how tumor cells manipulate their microenvironment by producing structural proteins of ECM, modifying proteins
Proteomic_profiling
Biotechnology company
company. It develops oncology therapies designed to target the tumor microenvironment. The company was founded in 1998 and went public in 2004. Halozyme
Halozyme
Israeli immunologist and cancer researcher (1934–2026)
Sciences. He was one of the scientists who laid the foundations of the tumor microenvironment (TME) research field. Witz was born in Vienna on November 7, 1934
Isaac_Witz
White blood cells that have migrated to a tumor
enumeration and characterization of the tumor microenvironment in diverse cancer types and across thousands of tumors, an approach largely led by Ash Alizadeh
Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes
Tumor-infiltrating_lymphocytes
Type of endocrine gland cancer
reaching the tumor. Tumor associated macrophages, neutrophils and regulatory T-cells secrete cytokines and work to create a tumor microenvironment that promotes
Pancreatic_cancer
White blood cells of the immune system
site of many tumors. Studies in both humans and animal models have implicated that high numbers of Treg cells in the tumor microenvironment is indicative
Regulatory_T_cell
American pediatric oncologist and scientist
the role of the tumor microenvironment in cancer progression. She is a principal investigator and head of the tumor microenvironment and metastasis branch
Rosandra_N._Kaplan
Group of diseases involving cell growth
cancer cells by influencing the tumor microenvironment. Oncogenes build up an inflammatory pro-tumorigenic microenvironment. Hormones also play a role in
Cancer
Antigenic substance produced in tumor cells
that would be normally triggered by opsonizing antibodies. In the tumor microenvironment, cytokines like TGF-β and IL-10 further reinforce this suppression
Tumor_antigen
American cancer researcher
regarded as a pioneer in the area of tumor microenvironment and widely recognized for his seminal discoveries in tumor biology, drug delivery, in vivo imaging
Rakesh_Jain
Mexican biochemist and academic
Cancer Signaling and Microenvironment Program at Fox Chase. Her research investigates pancreatic cancer and the tumor microenvironment. Cukierman was born
Edna_Cukierman
Artificial stimulation of the immune system to treat cancer
Calmette-Guerin (BCG) are used to enhance immune activity or alter the tumor microenvironment. Oncolytic virus therapies, which employ engineered viruses to selectively
Cancer_immunotherapy
2000 paper by Hanahan and Weinberg
contribute to the acquisition of hallmark traits by creating the "tumor microenvironment." Recognition of the widespread applicability of these concepts
The_Hallmarks_of_Cancer
Neoplasm in the brain
Esparvarinha M, et al. (January 2021). "The role of hypoxia in the tumor microenvironment and development of cancer stem cell: a novel approach to developing
Brain_tumor
Form of metabolism in tumors
(2025). "Elastic Cytomatrix Dynamics Influences Metabolic Rate and Tumor Microenvironment Formation". Cancers (Basel). 17 (22): 3686. doi:10.3390/cancers17223686
Warburg_effect_(oncology)
Tumor or other abnormal growth of tissue
environmental factors and molecular changes in the local microenvironment on neoplastic evolution from tumor initiation to patient death. In the colon, a field
Neoplasm
Professor of pathology, immunology, biology, and surgery
developed an international reputation in human tumor immunosuppressive mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment. Zou serves as Director of the Center of Excellence
Weiping_Zou
Cancerous tumour in a bone
Controllability in Phenotypically Characterized Osteosarcoma: Role of Tumor Microenvironment". Frontiers in Immunology. 8 918. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.00918.
Osteosarcoma
Medical condition
include E7386, tegavivint and ipafricept. Additionally, the tumor microenvironment in desmoid tumors is being investigated to find new targets for treatment
Aggressive_fibromatosis
Group of immune cells in the bone marrow
level of MDSC infiltrate in the tumor microenvironment correlates with shorter survival times of patients with solid tumors and could mediate resistance
Myeloid-derived suppressor cell
Myeloid-derived_suppressor_cell
Cell from a primary tumor carried by blood circulation
A circulating tumor cell (CTC) is a cancer cell from a primary tumor that has shed into the blood of the circulatory system, or the lymph of the lymphatic
Circulating_tumor_cell
Cancer affecting Tasmanian devils
Tasmanian Devil Facial Tumor Cells but Is Strongly Upregulated in Response to IFN-γ and Can Be Expressed in the Tumor Microenvironment". Frontiers in Immunology
Devil_facial_tumour_disease
Drug delivery method
released within a concentrated reducing environment, such as the tumor-targeted microenvironment. Reduction-Sensitive Nanoparticles provide an efficient method
Reduction-sensitive nanoparticles
Reduction-sensitive_nanoparticles
Model of cancer
mimicking the tumor microenvironment. Alternatively, a single-cell suspension enables scientists to collect an unbiased sampling of the whole tumor, eliminating
Patient_derived_xenograft
fewer side effects. Metronomic therapy is shown to affect both tumor microenvironment and tumor cells to achieve its therapeutic effects. Metronomic therapy
Metronomic_therapy
Aggressive type of brain cancer
(July 2017). "Tumor Evolution of Glioma-Intrinsic Gene Expression Subtypes Associates with Immunological Changes in the Microenvironment". Cancer Cell
Glioblastoma
Group of innate immune cells that are derived from common lymphoid progenitors
tumor cells. See the Natural killer cell page for further information on NK cells in tumor surveillance. ILC1s influence the tumor microenvironment by
Innate_lymphoid_cell
Tumour-promoting cell type
fibroblast; activated fibroblast) is a cell type within the tumor microenvironment that promotes tumorigenic features by initiating the remodelling
Cancer-associated_fibroblast
Immunotherapy using T cells
tumors, which adds difficulty to the identification of a target for all tumor cells. 2) Achieving full function of T cells and tumor microenvironment
Cellular adoptive immunotherapy
Cellular_adoptive_immunotherapy
Spreading of a disease inside a body
favourable microenvironment for secondary tumour growth. It is theorized that metastasis always coincides with a primary cancer, and, as such, is a tumor that
Metastasis
Cancer cells with features of normal cells
poor methodology (i.e., the tumor cells lose their viability during transfer) or the critical importance of the microenvironment, the particular biochemical
Cancer_stem_cell
Cancer of the colon or rectum
28, 2017. Otmani K, Lewalle P (2021). "Tumor Suppressor miRNA in Cancer Cells and the Tumor Microenvironment: Mechanism of Deregulation and Clinical
Colorectal_cancer
Treatment of cancer using drugs that inhibit cell division or kill cells
to tumor cells with varying sensitivity within the same microenvironment. Additionally, distance from vascular beds in the tumor microenvironment creates
Chemotherapy
Sri Lankan-American cancer researcher
American cancer researcher whose work focuses on how changes in the tumor microenvironment, especially aging, can change melanoma growth and the development
Ashani_Weeraratna
Observation of the diversity of tumour cells
selective advantage during certain stages of tumour progression. The tumor microenvironment may also contribute to tumour expansion, as it is capable of altering
Tumour_heterogeneity
Endothelial Cells in Malignant Tumors. In: Akslen, L.A., Watnick, R.S. (eds) Biomarkers of the Tumor Microenvironment. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10
Vasculogenic_mimicry
Regulators of the immune system
the immune microenvironment, leading to the activation of the A2a receptor, is negative immune feedback loop and the tumor microenvironment has relatively
Immune_checkpoint
Stage in human endocrine development
Bruce; Burow, Matthew (December 2017). "Endocrine disruptors and the tumor microenvironment: A new paradigm in breast cancer biology". Molecular and Cellular
Mini-puberty
Situation where tumor cells have been deprived of oxygen
the tumor with regions where the oxygen concentration is significantly lower than in healthy tissues. Hypoxic microenvironments in solid tumors are a
Tumor_hypoxia
Formation of cancer
2015). "The Multifaceted Roles Neutrophils Play in the Tumor Microenvironment". Cancer Microenvironment. 8 (3): 125–58. doi:10.1007/s12307-014-0147-5. PMC 4714999
Carcinogenesis
Study of cell metabolism in the development of cancer
changes that occur in cells that make up the tumor microenvironment (TME) and accompany oncogenesis and tumor progression toward a neoplastic state. Cells
Oncometabolism
Type of neurofibromatosis disease
1074/jbc.M503707200. PMID 16169856. Le LQ, Parada LF (July 2007). "Tumor microenvironment and neurofibromatosis type I: connecting the GAPs". Oncogene. 26
Neurofibromatosis_type_I
Italian biologist
the Angiogenesis and Tumor Microenvironment group at EPFL. His research focuses on the influence of the tumor microenvironment on cancer progression
Michele_De_Palma
Genetically engineered T cell
trafficked efficiently into the center of solid tumor masses, and the hostile tumor microenvironment suppresses T cell activity. CAR T can be used to
CAR_T_cell
Medical intervention
homeostasis once pathogens have been cleared from the body. In a tumor microenvironment, cancer cells can commandeer this physiological regulatory system
Cancer_treatment
Family of cell adhesion molecules
Witz IP (2006). "Tumor-Microenvironment Interactions". Tumor-microenvironment interactions: the selectin-selectin ligand axis in tumor-endothelium cross
Selectin
American biologist
cell colonization. She is a senior investigator and head of the tumor microenvironment section at the National Cancer Institute. Yang received a Ph.D.
Li_Yang_(biologist)
Cyclic peptide
after the initial RGD-mediated tumor homing, another pharmacologic motif is able to manipulate tumor microenvironment, making it temporarily accessible
IRGD_peptides
Topics referred to by the same term
parenchyma The nonmalignant cells which are present in the tumor microenvironment; see Tumor microenvironment § Stromal cells Freddie Stroma (born 1987), British
Stroma
Medical condition
in CTNNB1 mutation frequency may be reflective of the distinct tumoral microenvironments; the epithelial cells lining an endometriotic cyst within the
Endometrioid_tumor
for Excellence in Nanotechnology, Center on Proteolytic Pathways, Tumor Microenvironment at the Burnham Institute. Smith earned his Ph.D. in biological sciences
Jeffrey_W._Smith
Austrian molecular biologist
transcription factor as tumor suppressor as well as tumor promoter in breast epithelial cells and cells of the tumor microenvironment. She is a senior investigator
Esta_Sterneck
Medical condition
as epithelioid sarcoma. It targets tumor hypoxia, a common event in tumorigenesis where the tumor microenvironment is depleted of oxygen and becomes hypoxic
Epithelioid_sarcoma
Class of enzymes
Ontong P, Itano N (May 2016). "Hyaluronan: A modulator of the tumor microenvironment". Cancer Letters. 375 (1): 20–30. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2016.02.031
Hyaluronidase
Particle with size less than 100 nm
tumor microenvironment can be conjugated to the surface of nanoparticles to actively target the tumor. The accumulation of nanoparticles in the tumor
Nanoparticle
Highly aggressive brain tumor, mostly found in children
Jacobs S, Hulleman E, Coosemans A (June 2025). "Exploring the tumor microenvironment in diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma: immunological insights and
Diffuse_midline_glioma
Relationship between metabolism and specific types of cancer
vulnerabilities; for example, some tumors rely on specific amino acids for survival. Tumor type, genetics, and the tumor microenvironment influence these traits.
Tumor-informed_metabolism
Combination of cancer diagnosis and treatment
such as PET and MRI, can provide valuable information about the tumor microenvironment, immune cell dynamics, and response to immunotherapies. Furthermore
Theranostics
Class of anticancer drugs
Atocha; Calvo, Virginia; Cruz-Bermúdez, Alberto (September 2022). "Tumor microenvironment gene expression profiles associated to complete pathological response
PD-1_and_PD-L1_inhibitors
required for invasive tumor growth and spread. Tumor microenvironment Angiogenesis Endothelium Dudley, Andrew C. (2012-03-01). "Tumor Endothelial Cells"
Tumor-associated endothelial cell
Tumor-associated_endothelial_cell
Genetic changes leading to uncontrolled cell growth and tumor formation
survival, angiogenesis and migration of cancer cells by influencing tumor microenvironment. Individuals with inflammatory bowel disease are at increased risk
Causes_of_cancer
Critical protein in embryonic development
(January 2020). "Sonic Hedgehog Signaling in Organogenesis, Tumors, and Tumor Microenvironments". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 21 (3): 758
Sonic_hedgehog_protein
Blood vessel formation, when new vessels emerge from existing vessels
of Endothelial Cells in Malignant Tumors". In Akslen LA, Watnick RS (eds.). Biomarkers of the Tumor Microenvironment. Cham: Springer International Publishing
Angiogenesis
Chemical compound
genes. This has two consequences. It promotes tumor cell death and normalizes the tumor microenvironment. Active transcription is the process by which
Lurbinectedin
Classifying cells of the immune system
Ryuhjin; Mann, Koren K. (2016). "Analyzing the Tumor Microenvironment by Flow Cytometry". The Tumor Microenvironment. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 1458
Immunophenotyping
tumour cells help to foster an immunosuppressive tumour microenvironment. During the escape phase, tumor cell variants selected in the equilibrium phase have
Immunoediting
cancer, tumor-associated macrophages are found to exhibit M1-type properties such as the use of glyconeogenesis. The tumor microenvironment is rich in
Glyconeogenesis
American bioengineer
diagnostics, and drug delivery; and cell migration in the brain tumor microenvironment. In 2021, she was elected a fellow of the American Association for
Jessica_Winter
Species of bacterium
V, Werb Z (2010). "Matrix metalloproteinases: regulators of the tumor microenvironment". Cell. 141 (1): 52–67. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2010.03.015. PMC 2862057
Lactococcus_lactis
Molecule with ability to reversibly switch states
such as changes in pH, light, temperature, an electric current, a microenvironment, or in the presence of ions, and other ligands. In some cases, a combination
Molecular_switch
Protein found in humans
cells, dendritic cells, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the tumor microenvironment express CD244. The type of the signal is determined by the ratio
CD244
Israeli bioinformatician
(2018). "Single-Cell Map of Diverse Immune Phenotypes in the Breast Tumor Microenvironment". Cell. 174 (5): 1293–1308.e36. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2018.05.060.
Dana_Pe'er
American immunologist
blockade, including prostate cancer studies of the bone tumor microenvironment and pan-tumor analyses of immunologic signatures associated with nivolumab
Padmanee_Sharma
T cell subset
cancer development for example through production of IL-17 in the tumor microenvironment, which promotes angiogenesis and cell growth or because their ability
Gamma_delta_T_cell
Substance that inhibits the growth of new blood vessels
of Endothelial Cells in Malignant Tumors", in Akslen LA, Watnick RS (eds.), Biomarkers of the Tumor Microenvironment, Cham: Springer International Publishing
Angiogenesis_inhibitor
Protein found in humans
gene. It has been shown to act as a proangiongenic factor in the tumor microenvironment, being released by endothelial cells and pericytes. This gene has
Olfactomedin-like_3
(September 2005). "[Effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide on tumor microenvironment T-lymphocyte subsets and dendritic cells in H22-bearing mice]".
List of traditional Chinese medicines
List_of_traditional_Chinese_medicines
Type of breast cancer lacking certain gene expressions
cytotoxic T-cell activation resulting in promotion of tumor growth and metastasis as the tumor microenvironment is infiltrated with Treg. The widely used diabetes
Triple-negative_breast_cancer
Genetic disorder
S2CID 37593917. Thomas-Tikhonenko A, ed. (2010). Cancer genome and tumor microenvironment (Online-Ausg. ed.). New York: Springer. p. 203. ISBN 978-1-4419-0711-0
Down_syndrome
U.S. health institute
aberrations; structural biology and molecular applications; tumor biology and microenvironment; and tumor metastasis. "Special Research Programs" falling under
National_Cancer_Institute
Immune system deterioration brought on by aging
2013). "T cell anergy, exhaustion, senescence, and stemness in the tumor microenvironment". Current Opinion in Immunology. 25 (2): 214–221. doi:10.1016/j
Immunosenescence
Cytokine protein
et al. (October 2012). "Tumor microenvironment macrophage inhibitory factor directs the accumulation of interleukin-17-producing tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes
Interleukin_6
Protein-coding gene in humans
(October 2025). "Insights into IL-6/JAK/STAT3 signaling in the tumor microenvironment: Implications for cancer therapy". Cytokine & Growth Factor Reviews
STAT3
Pharmaceutical drug
non-cytotoxic effects on the biology of residual cancer cells, the tumor microenvironment and tumor-host immune responses. Such non-cytotoxic effects appear unrelated
Eribulin
Medication for endometrial cancer treatment
2022). "A review on targeting tumor microenvironment: The main paradigm shift in the mAb-based immunotherapy of solid tumors". International Journal of Biological
Dostarlimab
Uses for technology on very small scales
2020). "Nanomotors Sense Local Physicochemical Heterogeneities in Tumor Microenvironments". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 59 (52): 23690–23696
Applications of nanotechnology
Applications_of_nanotechnology
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
Separately, glioma-derived ANXA1 can drive an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment via FPR1, inducing M2-like macrophages/microglia and Treg recruitment;
Annexin_A1
Form of immunotherapy
pembrolizumab and the tumor microenvironment. The tumor microenvironment (TME) features prevents the recruitment of T cells to the tumor. Ways include chemokine
Monoclonal_antibody_therapy
Biological process in animal connective tissue
antagomirs that can pair with specific microRNAs present in the tumor microenvironment or in the cancer cells. A microRNA mimic to miR-655 was found to
Epithelial–mesenchymal transition
Epithelial–mesenchymal_transition
Chemical compound
surgical androgen deprivation therapy. Tasquinimod targets the tumor microenvironment and counteracts cancer development by inhibiting angiogenesis and
Tasquinimod
U.S. healthcare company
favorable safety profile and evidence of immune remodeling within the tumor microenvironment. Leptomeningeal metastases (LM) are a rare but typically fatal complication
Cerenome
Type of spreading cancer
colonization of the secondary tumor) The potential of a tumor cell to metastasize to a secondary site depends on the tissue microenvironment of the site and its
Metastatic_breast_cancer
Algerian professor (born 1969)
in the tumor microenvironment. Two macrophage lineages she defined appear in tumors. Their origins dictate roles in shaping the microenvironment. In human
Miriam_Merad
Campaign to find a cure for cancer led by the American federal government
complexity of cellular interactions and cell signaling within the tumor microenvironment suitability of model organisms for understanding human disease.
War_on_cancer
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