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RNA species present outside of the cells in which they were transcribed
Extracellular RNA (exRNA) describes RNA species present outside of the cells in which they were transcribed. Carried within extracellular vesicles, lipoproteins
Extracellular_RNA
Vesicles found outside cells
Health (NIH) announced a program for funding of EV and extracellular RNA studies, the Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (ERCC), which subsequently
Extracellular_vesicle
American neurogenomics researcher
American neurogenomics researcher known for her work in the field of extracellular RNA and its implications in neurological diseases. She currently serves
Kendall_Van_Keuren-Jensen
RNA molecules found outside of cells, typically in bodily fluids
(CSF), saliva, and pleural fluid. These extracellular RNA molecules are distinct from the intracellular RNA that performs its functions within the confines
Cell-free_RNA
Membrane-bound extracellular vesicles
RNA can mediate biological effects in recipient cells is compelling, definitive, rigorous evidence demonstrating functional extracellular RNA (exRNA)
Exosome_(vesicle)
E.N. (2013). "ISEV position paper: Extracellular vesicle RNA analysis and bioinformatics". Journal of Extracellular Vesicles. 2 22859. doi:10.3402/jev
International Society for Extracellular Vesicles
International_Society_for_Extracellular_Vesicles
Class of ribonucleic acid that is not translated into proteins
RNAs (rRNAs), as well as small RNAs such as microRNAs, siRNAs, piRNAs, snoRNAs, snRNAs, exRNAs, scaRNAs and the long ncRNAs such as Xist, HOTAIR, and MALAT1
Non-coding_RNA
Region(s) of a multicellular organism outside its cells
The composition of the extracellular space includes metabolites, ions, various proteins and non-protein substances (e.g. DNA, RNA, lipids, microbial products
Extracellular_space
Academic journal
Journal of Extracellular Vesicles, JEV, is a peer-reviewed open-access scientific journal of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles (ISEV)
Journal of Extracellular Vesicles
Journal_of_Extracellular_Vesicles
American biologist
Meetings of the society. His laboratory studies extracellular vesicles (EVs), noncoding and extracellular RNA (exRNA), and enveloped viruses, including HIV and
Kenneth_Witwer
DNA sampled from the environment rather than directly from an individual organism
with the 'Wild DNA' project. Circulating free DNA Exogenous DNA Extracellular RNA RNAs present in environmental samples Shadow Effect (Genetics) Thomsen
Environmental_DNA
for the different types of RNA are listed and explained. List of cis-regulatory RNA elements RNA: Types of RNA Non-coding RNA Gribaldo S, Brochier-Armanet
List_of_RNAs
Study of genes found in the environment
ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences which are relatively short, often conserved within a species, and generally different between species. Many 16S rRNA sequences
Metagenomics
Molecule that carries genetic information
reproduction of all known organisms and many viruses. DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are nucleic acids. Alongside proteins, lipids and complex carbohydrates
DNA
Small non-coding ribonucleic acid molecule
the mRNA. miRNAs resemble the small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) of the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway, except miRNAs derive from regions of RNA transcripts
MicroRNA
Non-coding RNA in the species Homo sapiens
MicroRNA 222 is a MicroRNA that in humans is encoded by the MIR222 gene, and is a known extracellular RNA (exRNA). microRNAs (miRNAs) are short (20-24
MIR222
Structural support for biological cells
In biology, the extracellular matrix (ECM), also called the intercellular matrix, is a network consisting of extracellular macromolecules and minerals
Extracellular_matrix
American cell biologist
co-recipient of a $9 million five-year program project grant to study extracellular RNA in colorectal cancer from the National Cancer Institute. The grant
Alissa_M._Weaver
Method of species identification using a short section of DNA
spacer (ITS) rRNA often used for fungi and RuBisCO used for plants. Microorganisms are detected using different gene regions. The 16S rRNA gene for example
DNA_barcoding
Lab technique in cellular biology
mRNA transcripts, RNA-Seq can look at different populations of RNA to include total RNA, small RNA, such as miRNA, tRNA, and ribosomal profiling. RNA-Seq
RNA-Seq
Biomolecule
Small interfering RNA (siRNA), sometimes known as short interfering RNA or silencing RNA, is a class of double-stranded non-coding RNA molecules, typically
Small_interfering_RNA
Non-coding RNA in the species Homo sapiens
MicroRNA 133a-1 is a MicroRNA that in humans is encoded by the MIR133A1 gene, and is a known extracellular RNA (exRNA). microRNAs (miRNAs) are short (20-24
MIR133A1
cell is negative with respect to the surrounding extracellular fluid. messenger RNA A large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from
Glossary_of_biology
Topics referred to by the same term
intracellular macromolecular protein complex involved in RNA degradation Exosome (vesicle), an extracellular vesicle released from the endosomal compartment of
Exosome
Any small, fluid-filled, spherical organelle enclosed by a membrane
opportunities in the functional analysis of extracellular vesicle RNA – an ISEV position paper". Journal of Extracellular Vesicles. 6 (1) 1286095. doi:10.1080/20013078
Vesicle (biology and chemistry)
Vesicle_(biology_and_chemistry)
Genetic technique for identifying organisms in mixed samples
Metabarcoding is the barcoding of DNA/RNA (or eDNA/eRNA) in a manner that allows for the simultaneous identification of many taxa within the same sample
Metabarcoding
and Resources Clearinghouse ExoCarta Extracellular RNA Atlas: a repository of small RNA-seq and qPCR-derived exRNA profiles from human and mouse biofluids
List_of_biological_databases
Family of oncogenic microRNAs
is a microRNA (miRNA) that is associated with cancer. MicroRNAs are short RNA molecules about 22 nucleotides in length. Essentially, miRNAs specifically
Oncomir
Identification of fungal species thanks to specific DNA sequences
the reverse primer NL-4 (same as LR3). The RNA polymerase II subunit RPB1 is the largest subunit of the RNA polymerase II. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Fungal_DNA_barcoding
Pathogenic small single-stranded circular RNA
retroviruses. They are neither true viroids nor viroid-like satellite RNAs: there is no extracellular form of these elements; instead, they are spread only through
Viroid
testis, and rectum. Application of RNA-seq to plasma extracellular RNA profiles indicated CCDC9B as the most abundant mRNA present, possibly indicating some
CCDC9B
Small non-coding RNA
This suggests that they may be involved in extracellular molecular interactions. Cell surface glycoRNAs were found to interact with members of the sialic
GlycoRNA
Aspect of DNA testing
subunit of the ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene to distinguish between bacteria, archaea and eukaryotes. Out of this approach, the SSU rRNA gene made its way to
Microbial_DNA_barcoding
Escherichia coli sRNA Extracellular RNA List of RNAs Rfam RNA interference Small interfering RNA Small nucleolar RNA-derived microRNA PanDaTox — a database
Toxic_Small_RNA
Family of viruses
A retrovirus is a virus that inserts a DNA copy of its RNA genome into the DNA of a host cell that it invades, thus changing the genome of that cell.
Retrovirus
Graduate school in New York, New York, US
prevention. That includes research and education on the human microbiome, extracellular RNA communication, molecular epidemiology, genomics, viromics, mitochondriomics
Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health
Columbia_University_Mailman_School_of_Public_Health
Basic unit of life forms
its DNA sequence. RNA is used for information transport (e.g., mRNA) and enzymatic functions (e.g., ribosomal RNA). Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules are used
Cell_(biology)
Non-coding RNA in Leptospira interrogans
Lig RNA thermometer is a cis-acting non-coding RNA element that controls ligA and ligB gene expression in Leptospira interrogans in response to temperature
Lig_RNA_thermometer
Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens
PMID 15543324. Nakazawa F, Kannemeier C, Shibamiya A, et al. (2005). "Extracellular RNA is a natural cofactor for the (auto-)activation of Factor VII-activating
HABP2
Technique used for species identification and phylogenetic studies
identification of diatoms even to species level. It is conducted using DNA or RNA followed by amplification and sequencing of specific, conserved regions in
Algae_DNA_barcoding
RNA molecule chain
is an RNA chain of only 218 nucleotides that is able to be reproduced by the RNA replication enzyme RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, also called RNA replicase
Spiegelman's_Monster
Class of enzymes
In molecular biology, extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) or classical MAP kinases are widely expressed protein kinase intracellular signalling
Extracellular signal-regulated kinases
Extracellular_signal-regulated_kinases
Non-coding RNA molecule
virulence determinants, such extracellular enzymes. RsmA binds to RsmB regulatory RNA which is also a member of this family. RsmB RNA was shown to be upregulated
CsrB/RsmB_RNA_family
Fungal protein
skin, and lung cancers. ACTIBIN inhibits angiogenesis by cleaving extracellular RNA molecules that are able to bind and potentially activate tumor associated
Actibind
Family of proteins
which in turn are involved in vascular relaxation. The subset of hsp70, extracellular hsp70 (ehsp70) and intracellular hsp70 (ihsp70), has been shown to have
Heat_shock_protein
Formation of biological viruses during the infection process
genes involved in them. Most DNA viruses assemble in the nucleus while most RNA viruses develop solely in cytoplasm. Viruses multiply only in living cells
Viral_replication
Addition of adenylic acids to 3' end of mature mRNA
Polyadenylation is the addition of a poly(A) tail to an RNA transcript, typically a messenger RNA (mRNA). The poly(A) tail consists of multiple adenosine monophosphates;
Polyadenylation
A wide variety of non-coding RNAs have been identified in various species of organisms known to science. However, RNAs have also been identified in "metagenomics"
RNAs present in environmental samples
RNAs_present_in_environmental_samples
Use of DNA barcoding to analyse the diet of organisms
environmental RNA Metagenomics viruses Metatranscriptomics Amplification PCR Shotgun sequencing High throughput sequencing Extracellular RNA Chimera Healthcare
DNA barcoding in diet assessment
DNA_barcoding_in_diet_assessment
Type of extracellular vesicle
Microvesicles (ectosomes, or microparticles) are a type of extracellular vesicle (EV) that are released from the cell membrane. In multicellular organisms
Microvesicle
Enzyme found in humans
threonine–tRNA ligase, which means it attaches the animo acid threonine to its corresponding transfer RNA as part of RNA-to-protein translation. Aminoacyl tRNA synthetases
Threonine–tRNA ligase 1, cytoplasmic
Threonine–tRNA_ligase_1,_cytoplasmic
Assembly of proteins inside biological cells
messenger RNA (mRNA). This conversion is carried out by enzymes, known as RNA polymerases, in the nucleus of the cell. In eukaryotes, this mRNA is initially
Protein_biosynthesis
Enzyme that cleaves double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) into short dsRNA fragments
double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and pre-microRNA (pre-miRNA) into short double-stranded RNA fragments called small interfering RNA and microRNA, respectively
Dicer
Process of identifying pollen donor plant species
environmental RNA Metagenomics viruses Metatranscriptomics Amplification PCR Shotgun sequencing High throughput sequencing Extracellular RNA Chimera Healthcare
Pollen_DNA_barcoding
Virus classification system made by David Baltimore
double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) viruses, positive-sense single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA) viruses, negative-sense single-stranded RNA (–ssRNA) viruses, ssRNA viruses that
Baltimore_classification
Dissemination of mature virions from host cell
virus may infect another host. "Budding" through the cell envelope into extracellular space is most effective for viruses that require their own envelope
Viral_shedding
the extracellular space. In humans, this subset of the proteome encompasses 13-20% of all proteins, including cytokines, growth factors, extracellular matrix
Secretome
Part of a gene that is spliced away
nucleotide sequence within a gene that is not expressed or operative in the final RNA product. The word intron is derived from the term intragenic region, i.e
Intron
Enzyme found in humans
Tyrosine–tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic, also called Tyrosyl-tRNA synthetase 1, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the YARS1 gene (previously YARS).
Tyrosine–tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic
Tyrosine–tRNA_ligase,_cytoplasmic
Protein found in humans
APOB and by a single mRNA transcript larger than 16 kb. ApoB48 is generated when a stop codon (UAA) at residue 2153 is created by RNA editing. There appears
Apolipoprotein_B
biology, VR-RNA is a small RNA produced by Clostridium perfringens. It functions as a regulator of the two-component VirR/VirS system. VR-RNA regulates
VR-RNA
Purification of RNA from biological samples
RNA extraction is the purification of RNA from biological samples. This procedure is complicated by the ubiquitous presence of ribonuclease enzymes in
RNA_extraction
Extracellular matrix protein
SNED1 (Sushi, Nidogen, and EGF-like Domains) is an extracellular matrix (ECM) protein expressed at low levels in a wide range of tissues. The gene encoding
SNED1
(tRNA), ribosomal RNA (rRNA), microRNA (miRNA), and small interfering RNA (siRNA); other non-coding RNAs (sometimes described as "junk RNA") have no known
Glossary of cellular and molecular biology (M–Z)
Glossary_of_cellular_and_molecular_biology_(M–Z)
other extracellular matrix proteins nor does it inhibit cell spreading or adhesion to the extracellular matrix. pUR4 also does not inhibit mRNA synthesis
PUR4
Family of viruses
Picornaviruses are a group of related nonenveloped RNA viruses which infect vertebrates including fish, mammals, and birds. They are viruses that represent
Picornavirus
showed that the L1848/H1913 primer pair, which amplifies a region of 12S rRNA locus, was able to reach high taxonomical coverage and discrimination even
Fish_DNA_barcoding
a one-touch research tool for rapid profiling of small RNA-seq data". Journal of Extracellular Vesicles. 4 29454. doi:10.3402/jev.v4.29454. PMC 4641893
List of RNA-Seq bioinformatics tools
List_of_RNA-Seq_bioinformatics_tools
Enzyme found in humans, implicated in neuropathy
Alanine–tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic, also called Alanyl-tRNA synthetase 1 (AARS1), is an enzyme that is encoded by the AARS1 gene in humans and is a member
Alanine–tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic
Alanine–tRNA_ligase,_cytoplasmic
Type of molecules within cells
cells. DAMPs are endogenous danger signals that are discharged to the extracellular space in response to damage to the cell from mechanical trauma or a
Damage-associated molecular pattern
Damage-associated_molecular_pattern
Enzyme of the glycolysis metabolic pathway
of glycolysis. GAPDH is encoded by a single gene that produces a single mRNA transcript with 8 splice variants, though an isoform does exist as a separate
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
Glyceraldehyde_3-phosphate_dehydrogenase
Gene editing method
system. By delivering the Cas9 nuclease complexed with a synthetic guide RNA (gRNA) into a cell, the cell's genome can be cut at a desired location, allowing
CRISPR_gene_editing
RNA family
In molecular biology mir-671 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms
Mir-671 microRNA precursor family
Mir-671_microRNA_precursor_family
Set of three congruent geometrical helices with the same axis
and handedness. Examples of triple helices include triplex DNA, triplex RNA, the collagen helix, and collagen-like proteins. A triple helix is named
Triple_helix
Virus that infects bacteria
bacteria. Bacteriophages are composed of proteins that encapsulate a DNA or RNA genome, and may have structures that are either simple or elaborate. Their
Bacteriophage
Coenzyme
of extracellular ADP-ribosyltransferases has recently been discovered, but their functions remain obscure. NAD+ may also be added onto cellular RNA as
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide
Human retrovirus, cause of AIDS
as single-stranded, positive-sense, enveloped RNA viruses. Upon entry into the target cell, the viral RNA genome is converted (reverse transcribed) into
HIV
Group of extracellular ribonucleases secreted by fungi
the rRNA that is found in a universally conserved sequence. This cleavage leads to cell death by apoptosis. However, since they are extracellular proteins
Fungal_ribotoxin
Chemical compound
β-N9-glycosidic bond. Adenosine is one of the four nucleoside building blocks of RNA (and its derivative deoxyadenosine is a building block of DNA), which are
Adenosine
Protein found in humans
recognition receptors of the innate immune system. TLR3 recognizes double-stranded RNA in endosomes, which is a common feature of viral genomes internalised by
Toll-like_receptor_3
Enzyme found in humans
Methionine–tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic, also called methionyl-tRNA synthetase 1, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the MARS1 gene (formally MARS)
Methionine–tRNA ligase, cytoplasmic
Methionine–tRNA_ligase,_cytoplasmic
RNA family
The signal recognition particle RNA, (also known as 7SL, 6S, ffs, or 4.5S RNA) is part of the signal recognition particle (SRP) ribonucleoprotein complex
Signal recognition particle RNA
Signal_recognition_particle_RNA
Protein family
In molecular biology, enzymes in the DNA/RNA non-specific endonuclease family of bacterial and eukaryotic endonucleases EC 3.1.30.- share the following
DNA/RNA non-specific endonuclease
DNA/RNA_non-specific_endonuclease
Class of chemical compounds
supports extracellular PPi levels.[better source needed] Defective function of the membrane PPi channel ANK is associated with low extracellular PPi and
Pyrophosphate
Control of gene expression at the RNA level, between transcription and translation
expression at the RNA level. It occurs once the RNA polymerase has been attached to the gene's promoter and is synthesising the RNA sequence. Post-transcriptional
Post-transcriptional regulation
Post-transcriptional_regulation
Mammalian protein found in humans
within extracellular fluid. The LDL receptor (LDLR), on liver and other cell membranes, binds and initiates ingestion of LDL-particles from extracellular fluid
PCSK9
Biotechnological process
includes the transcription of the recombinant DNA to messenger RNA (mRNA), the translation of mRNA into polypeptide chains, which are ultimately folded into
Protein_production
Class of ligand activated receptors localized in surface of plama cell membrane
(binding to) extracellular molecules. They are specialized integral membrane proteins that allow communication between the cell and the extracellular space.
Cell_surface_receptor
Protein found in humans
MFAP4 (microfibril-associated glycoprotein 4) is an extracellular matrix protein encoded by the MFAP4 gene. It is part of the MFAP family of proteoglycans
MFAP4
Lock-and-key pairing between two structures
Tominaga, N; Katsuda, T; Ochiya, T (Sep 5, 2013). "Trash or Treasure: extracellular microRNAs and cell-to-cell communication". Frontiers in Genetics. 4: 173
Complementarity (molecular biology)
Complementarity_(molecular_biology)
Class of enzymes
1) is an endonuclease enzyme that splits single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and RNA into oligo- or mononucleotides. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical
Nuclease_S1
Protein allowing tissue in the body to resume shape after stretching
humans and several other animals. Elastin is a key component in the extracellular matrix of gnathostomes (jawed vertebrates). It is highly elastic and
Elastin
Technique used in macroinvertebrate biology
barcoding of macroinvertebrates. Other markers that can be used are ribosomal RNA genes 16S and 18S. Moreover, sorting invertebrates into different size categories
Aquatic macroinvertebrate DNA barcoding
Aquatic_macroinvertebrate_DNA_barcoding
Biochemical material
the free dictionary. A gene product is the biochemical material, either RNA or protein, resulting from the expression of a gene. A measurement of the
Gene_product
Protein found in humans
from pyroptotic cells through the pores into the extracellular milieu to target and kill extracellular bacteria. Pyroptosis, which can be defined as gasdermin-mediated
GSDMD
Energy-carrying molecule in living cells
substrate-level phosphorylation, regenerate ATP. ATP is also a precursor to DNA and RNA, and is used as a coenzyme. Daily, an average adult human recycles through
Adenosine_triphosphate
Protein in the extracellular matrix
Laminins are a family of glycoproteins of the extracellular matrix of all animals. They are major constituents of the basement membrane, namely the basal
Laminin
Class of enzyme that catalyzes the degradation of RNA
abbreviated RNase) is a type of nuclease that catalyzes the degradation of RNA into smaller components. Ribonucleases can be divided into endoribonucleases
Ribonuclease
Sequence at the 3′ end of messenger RNA that does not code for product
three prime untranslated region (3′ UTR) is the section of messenger RNA (mRNA) that immediately follows the translation termination codon. The 3′ UTR
Three prime untranslated region
Three_prime_untranslated_region
Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens
extracellular domains of the receptors were removed no outgrowth inhibition was seen. This would suggest that the receptors interact extracellularly.
Reticulon_4_receptor
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EXTRACELLULAR RNA
EXTRACELLULAR RNA
EXTRACELLULAR RNA
EXTRACELLULAR RNA
EXTRACELLULAR RNA
EXTRACELLULAR RNA
EXTRACELLULAR RNA
EXTRACELLULAR RNA
EXTRACELLULAR RNA
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