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Metric for a quantum computer's capabilities
Quantum volume is a metric that measures the capabilities and error rates of a quantum computer. It expresses the maximum size of square quantum circuits
Quantum_volume
as quantum volume, randomized benchmarking or circuit layer operations per second (CLOPS). These QPUs are based on the quantum circuit and quantum logic
List_of_quantum_processors
Computer hardware technology that uses quantum mechanics
A quantum computer is a computer that represents and processes information using quantum states. Quantum computations exploit phenomena such as superposition
Quantum_computing
Physics textbook
Quantum Mechanics (French: Mécanique quantique), often called the Cohen-Tannoudji, is a series of standard undergraduate-level quantum mechanics textbook
Quantum_Mechanics_(book)
Computing company founded in 2014
The company's H-Series trapped-ion quantum computers set the highest quantum volume to date of 33,554,432 in September 2025. This architecture supports
Quantinuum
timeline of quantum computing and communication. Erwin Schrödinger publishes a theorem setting the basis for quantum steering and the limits of quantum state
Timeline of quantum computing and communication
Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication
Set of mathematical concepts in quantum gravity
In quantum gravity, quantum geometry is the set of mathematical concepts that generalize geometry to describe physical phenomena at distance scales comparable
Quantum_geometry
Experimental technology level
are not yet capable of continuous quantum error correction. This intermediate-scale is defined by the quantum volume, which is based on a moderate number
Noisy intermediate-scale quantum computing
Noisy_intermediate-scale_quantum_computing
Principle of quantum mechanics
Quantum superposition is a fundamental principle of quantum mechanics that states that linear combinations of solutions to the Schrödinger equation are
Quantum_superposition
Basic unit of quantum information
In quantum computing, a qubit (/ˈkjuːbɪt/) or quantum bit is a basic unit of quantum information, the quantum version of the classic binary bit. A qubit
Qubit
Cryptography secured against quantum computers
Post-quantum cryptography (PQC), sometimes referred to as quantum-proof, quantum-safe, or quantum-resistant, is the development of cryptographic algorithms
Post-quantum_cryptography
Sub-field of quantum physics and optics
in a restricted volume of space has its energy and momentum quantized into an integer number of particles known as photons. Quantum optics investigates
Quantum_optics
Description of physical properties at the atomic and subatomic scale
disciplines, including quantum chemistry, quantum biology, quantum field theory, quantum technology, and quantum information science. Quantum mechanics can describe
Quantum_mechanics
Interdisciplinary theory behind quantum computing
Quantum information science is an interdisciplinary field that combines the principles of quantum mechanics, information theory, and computer science
Quantum_information_science
Physics phenomenon
Quantum entanglement is the phenomenon in which the quantum state of each particle in a group cannot be described independently of the state of the others
Quantum_entanglement
Basic circuit in quantum computing
In quantum computing and specifically the quantum circuit model of computation, a quantum logic gate (or simply quantum gate) is a basic quantum circuit
Quantum_logic_gate
Quantum algorithm for integer factorization
Shor's algorithm is a quantum algorithm for finding the prime factors of an integer. It was developed in 1994 by the American mathematician Peter Shor
Shor's_algorithm
Type of quantum computer
A topological quantum computer is a type of quantum computer. It utilizes anyons, a type of quasiparticle that occurs in two-dimensional systems. The
Topological_quantum_computer
Cloud quantum computing platform
IBM Quantum Platform (previously known as IBM Quantum Experience) is an online platform allowing public and premium access to cloud-based quantum computing
IBM_Quantum_Platform
Quantum search algorithm
In quantum computing, Grover's algorithm, also known as the quantum search algorithm, is a quantum algorithm for unstructured search that finds with high
Grover's_algorithm
Second (CLOPS) is a benchmarking metric of quantum computers developed by IBM in 2021. While Quantum volume is more indicative of a qubit's performance
Circuit Layer Operations per Second
Circuit_Layer_Operations_per_Second
Loss of quantum coherence
Quantum decoherence is the loss of quantum coherence. It involves generally a loss of information of a system to its environment. Quantum decoherence
Quantum_decoherence
Computational benchmark
In quantum computing, quantum supremacy or quantum advantage is the goal of demonstrating that a programmable quantum computer can solve a problem that
Quantum_supremacy
Process in quantum computing
Quantum error correction (QEC) comprises a set of techniques used in quantum memory and quantum computing to protect quantum information from errors arising
Quantum_error_correction
Interdisciplinary research area
Quantum machine learning (QML) is the study of quantum algorithms for machine learning. It often refers to quantum algorithms for machine learning tasks
Quantum_machine_learning
Cryptography based on quantum mechanical phenomena
Quantum cryptography is the exploiting of quantum-mechanical properties such as quantum entanglement, measurement disturbance, no-cloning theorem, and
Quantum_cryptography
Proposed quantum computer implementation
A trapped-ion quantum computer (TIQC) is one proposed approach to a large-scale quantum computer. Ions, or charged atomic particles, can be confined and
Trapped-ion_quantum_computer
Unit of quantum information
A qutrit (or quantum trit) is a unit of quantum information that is realized by a 3-level quantum system (qudit with radix 3), that may be in a superposition
Qutrit
Algorithm to be run on quantum computers
In quantum computing, a quantum algorithm is an algorithm that runs on a realistic model of quantum computation, the most commonly used model being the
Quantum_algorithm
Physical phenomenon
Quantum teleportation is a technique for transferring quantum information from a sender at one location to a receiver some distance away. While teleportation
Quantum_teleportation
Forecasting rules for quantum computing
this scaling law addresses one of quantum computing's most fundamental challenges. Quantum volume Superconducting quantum computing The introduction summarizes
Quantum computing scaling laws
Quantum_computing_scaling_laws
Secure communication method
Quantum key distribution (QKD) is a secure communication method that implements a cryptographic protocol based on the laws of quantum mechanics, specifically
Quantum_key_distribution
Change of basis applied in quantum computing
In quantum computing, the quantum Fourier transform (QFT) is a linear transformation on quantum bits, and is the quantum analogue of the discrete Fourier
Quantum_Fourier_transform
Computational complexity class of problems
complexity theory, bounded-error quantum polynomial time (BQP) is the class of decision problems solvable by a quantum computer in polynomial time, with
BQP
Information held in the state of a quantum system
Quantum information is the information of the state of a quantum system. It is the basic entity of study in quantum information science, and can be manipulated
Quantum_information
Quantum state with the lowest possible energy
In quantum field theory, the quantum vacuum state (also called the quantum vacuum or vacuum state) is the quantum state with the lowest possible energy
Quantum_vacuum_state
Description of gravity using discrete values
Quantum gravity (QG) is a field of theoretical physics that seeks unification of the theory of gravity with the principles of quantum mechanics. It deals
Quantum_gravity
Model of quantum computation
A quantum Turing machine (QTM) or universal quantum computer is an abstract machine used to model the effects of a quantum computer. It provides a simple
Quantum_Turing_machine
Aspect of quantum information science
Quantum energy teleportation (QET) is an application of quantum information science. It is a variation of the quantum teleportation protocol. Quantum
Quantum_energy_teleportation
Metric for a quantum computer's capabilities
machine with 1 million rQOPS qualifies as a quantum supercomputer. Alternative benchmarks include quantum volume, cross-entropy benchmarking, Circuit Layer
RQOPS
Computer programming for quantum computers
Quantum programming refers to the process of designing and implementing algorithms that operate on quantum systems, typically using quantum circuits composed
Quantum_programming
This glossary of quantum computing is a list of definitions of terms and concepts used in quantum computing, its sub-disciplines, and related fields. Bacon–Shor
Glossary_of_quantum_computing
Model of quantum computing
In quantum information theory, a quantum circuit is a model for quantum computation, similar to classical circuits, in which a computation is a sequence
Quantum_circuit
Property of computational resources needed
In quantum information theory, magic is a property that quantifies the computational resources needed to describe quantum states beyond stabilizer states
Magic_(quantum_information)
Proposed design of bank notes
A quantum money scheme is a quantum cryptographic protocol that creates and verifies banknotes that are resistant to forgery. It is based on the principle
Quantum_money
Interpretation of quantum mechanics
philosophy of physics, QBism (pronounced "cubism") is an interpretation of quantum mechanics that takes an agent's actions and experiences as the central
QBism
Marvel Comics superhero
of quantum energy. The Quantum Bands can also exert control over many other types of energy that are part of the electromagnetic spectrum.[volume and issue needed]
Quasar_(character)
Networks connecting quantum processors
Quantum networks form an important element of quantum computing and quantum communication systems. Quantum networks facilitate the transmission of information
Quantum_network
Type of quantum circuit construction
Quantum gate teleportation is a quantum circuit construction where a gate is applied to target qubits by first applying the gate to an entangled state
Quantum_gate_teleportation
Description of a quantum-mechanical system
function of a non-relativistic quantum-mechanical system. Its discovery was a significant landmark in the development of quantum mechanics. It is named after
Schrödinger_equation
Type of quantum computer built out of Rydberg atoms
neutral atom quantum computer is a type of quantum computer built using Rydberg atoms; this type has many commonalities with trapped-ion quantum computers
Neutral_atom_quantum_computer
Optimization algorithms using quantum computing
Quantum optimization algorithms are quantum algorithms that are used to solve optimization problems. Mathematical optimization deals with finding the
Quantum optimization algorithms
Quantum_optimization_algorithms
Quantum Mechanics in Neural Networks
Quantum neural networks (QNN) are computational neural network models which are based on the principles of quantum mechanics. The first ideas on quantum
Quantum_neural_network
Random change in the energy inside a volume
In quantum physics, a quantum fluctuation (also known as a vacuum state fluctuation or vacuum fluctuation) is the temporary random change in the amount
Quantum_fluctuation
Foundational object in quantum communication theory
In quantum information theory, a quantum channel is a communication channel that can transmit quantum information, as well as classical information. An
Quantum_channel
Quantum mechanics idea
In quantum mechanics, entanglement swapping is a protocol to transfer quantum entanglement from one pair of particles to another, even if the second pair
Entanglement_swapping
Paradigm of quantum computer
Linear optical quantum computing or linear optics quantum computation (LOQC), also photonic quantum computing (PQC), is a paradigm of quantum computation
Linear optical quantum computing
Linear_optical_quantum_computing
Quantum computing implementation
quantum computing is a branch of quantum computing and solid-state physics that implements superconducting electronic circuits as qubits in a quantum
Superconducting quantum computing
Superconducting_quantum_computing
Sorting algorithms for quantum computers
A quantum sort is any sorting algorithm that runs on a quantum computer. Any comparison-based quantum sorting algorithm would take at least Ω ( n log
Quantum_sort
Simulators of quantum mechanical systems
Quantum simulators permit the study of a quantum system in a programmable fashion. In this instance, simulators are special purpose devices designed to
Quantum_simulator
Theorem in quantum information science
identical copy of an arbitrary unknown quantum state, a statement which has profound implications in the field of quantum computing among others. The theorem
No-cloning_theorem
Conjecture in knot theory relating quantum invariants and hyperbolic geometry
branch of mathematics called knot theory, the volume conjecture is an open problem that relates quantum invariants of knots to the hyperbolic geometry
Volume_conjecture
Area of physical and philosophical debate
interpretation of quantum mechanics is an attempt to explain how the mathematical theory of quantum mechanics might correspond to experienced reality. Quantum mechanics
Interpretations of quantum mechanics
Interpretations_of_quantum_mechanics
Type of quantum information processing
Adiabatic quantum computation (AQC) is a form of quantum computing which relies on the adiabatic theorem to perform calculations and is closely related
Adiabatic_quantum_computation
Open-source software development kit
Qiskit (Quantum Information Software Kit) is an open-source, Python-based, high-performance software stack for quantum computing, originally developed
Qiskit
Fringe hypothesis
The quantum mind or quantum consciousness is a group of hypotheses proposing that local physical laws and interactions from classical mechanics or connections
Quantum_mind
Projected date when quantum computers could break modern encryption
(also Q Day and sometimes as Y2Q, or simply the quantum threat) refers to the theoretical date when quantum computers have reached the point where they can
Quantum_Threat
Concept in quantum information theory
In quantum information theory, quantum state purification refers to the process of representing a mixed state as a pure quantum state of higher-dimensional
Quantum_state_purification
Quantum physics-based metaheuristic for optimization problems
Quantum annealing (QA) is an optimization process for finding the global minimum of a given objective function over a given set of candidate solutions
Quantum_annealing
Textbook by scientists Michael Nielsen and Isaac Chuang
Quantum Computation and Quantum Information is a textbook about quantum information science written by Michael Nielsen and Isaac Chuang, regarded as a
Quantum Computation and Quantum Information
Quantum_Computation_and_Quantum_Information
Quantum algorithm
In quantum computing, the variational quantum eigensolver (VQE) is a quantum algorithm for quantum chemistry, quantum simulations and optimization problems
Variational quantum eigensolver
Variational_quantum_eigensolver
Planned quantum technology campus in Chicago
The Illinois Quantum and Microelectronics Park (IQMP) is a planned 128-acre technology campus on the site of the former U.S. Steel South Works in South
Illinois Quantum and Microelectronics Park
Illinois_Quantum_and_Microelectronics_Park
Theorem in physics
number of closely related results in physics, all of which determine that quantum mechanics is incompatible with local hidden-variable theories, given some
Bell's_theorem
Proposed semiconductor implementation of quantum computers
The spin qubit quantum computer is a quantum computer based on controlling the spin of charge carriers (electrons and electron holes) in semiconductor
Spin_qubit_quantum_computer
Quantum algorithm for eigenvalue estimation
In quantum computing, the quantum phase estimation algorithm is a quantum algorithm to estimate the phase corresponding to an eigenvalue of a given unitary
Quantum phase estimation algorithm
Quantum_phase_estimation_algorithm
Quantum analog of probabilistic automata
In quantum computing, quantum finite automata (QFA) or quantum state machines are a quantum analog of probabilistic automata or a Markov decision process
Quantum_finite_automaton
Quantum-mechanical version of computer memory
In quantum computing, a quantum memory is the quantum-mechanical version of ordinary computer memory. Whereas ordinary memory stores information as binary
Quantum_memory
solving a representative set of quantum algorithms." While other benchmarks such as IBM's Quantum volume are run on random quantum circuits that do not necessarily
Algorithmic_qubits
Theory of quantum gravity merging quantum mechanics and general relativity
Loop quantum gravity (LQG) is a theory of quantum gravity that incorporates matter of the Standard Model into the framework established for the intrinsic
Loop_quantum_gravity
Means of studying the interaction of light and matter
Circuit quantum electrodynamics (circuit QED) provides a means of studying the fundamental interaction between light and matter (quantum optics). As in
Circuit quantum electrodynamics
Circuit_quantum_electrodynamics
Quantum-informatics technique
The term quantum state discrimination collectively refers to quantum-informatics techniques, with the help of which, by performing a small number of measurements
Quantum_state_discrimination
Form of quantum computing
Hamiltonian quantum computation is a form of quantum computing. Unlike methods of quantum computation such as the adiabatic, measurement-based and circuit
Hamiltonian quantum computation
Hamiltonian_quantum_computation
Remote quantum processors for computation
Cloud-based quantum computing refers to the remote access of quantum computing resources—such as quantum emulators, simulators, or processors—via the internet
Cloud-based_quantum_computing
Quantum physics of light and matter in a cavity
Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics (cavity QED) is the study of the interaction between light confined in a reflective cavity and atoms or other particles
Cavity quantum electrodynamics
Cavity_quantum_electrodynamics
Computational complexity of quantum algorithms
Quantum complexity theory is the subfield of computational complexity theory that deals with complexity classes defined using quantum computers, a computational
Quantum_complexity_theory
Definition of quantum circuits
In quantum computing and quantum information theory, the Clifford gates are the elements of the Clifford group, a set of mathematical transformations
Clifford_gate
Foundational theorem of quantum information processing
no-deleting theorem of quantum information theory is a no-go theorem which states that, in general, given two copies of some arbitrary quantum state, it is impossible
No-deleting_theorem
Non-mathematical introduction
Quantum mechanics (QM) is the study of matter and of matter's interactions with energy on the scale of atomic and subatomic particles. (By contrast, classical
Introduction to quantum mechanics
Introduction_to_quantum_mechanics
Nano-scale semiconductor particles
Quantum dots (QDs) or semiconductor nanocrystals are semiconductor particles a few nanometres in size with optical and electronic properties that differ
Quantum_dot
Highest rate quantum information can be sent through a noisy quantum channel
In the theory of quantum communication, the quantum capacity is the highest rate at which quantum information can be communicated over many independent
Quantum_capacity
Type of display device
A quantum dot display is a display device that uses quantum dots (QDs), semiconductor nanocrystals which can produce pure monochromatic red, green, and
Quantum_dot_display
Property of states in quantum mechanics
In physics, in the area of quantum information theory and quantum computation, quantum steering is a special kind of nonlocal correlation, which is intermediate
Quantum_steering
Australian physicist
Fellow of the American Physical Society (2014) The observation that Quantum Volume is doubling every year is called "Gambetta's law." "Jay M. Gambetta
Jay_Gambetta
Quantum error correction schemes can suppress the logical error rate arbitrarily low
In quantum computing, the threshold theorem (or quantum fault-tolerance theorem) states that a quantum computer with a physical error rate below a certain
Threshold_theorem
Intermediate representation for quantum instructions
Open Quantum Assembly Language (OpenQASM; pronounced open kazm) is a programming language designed for describing quantum circuits and algorithms for execution
OpenQASM
Very general problem in computer science
important in the theory of quantum computing because Shor's algorithms for factoring and finding discrete logarithms in quantum computing are instances of
Hidden_subgroup_problem
Quantum key distribution protocol
prepare-and-measure quantum key distribution (QKD) protocol, in which, one party (e.g. Alice) performs the encoding by preparing the quantum states, and the
BB84
Structure that repeats in time; a novel type or phase of non-equilibrium matter
In condensed matter physics, a time crystal is a quantum system of particles whose lowest-energy state is one in which the particles are in repetitive
Time_crystal
Principle in quantum information theory
principle) is a no-go theorem in quantum information theory. It asserts that during the measurement of an entangled quantum state, it is impossible for one
No-communication_theorem
Scientific subjects
thermodynamics and statistical mechanics; electromagnetism; relativity; quantum mechanics, atomic physics, and molecular physics; optics and acoustics;
Branches_of_physics
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