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Method for assessing quantum computer hardware capabilities
error rates by implementing long sequences of randomly sampled quantum gate operations. Randomized benchmarking is the industry-standard protocol used by
Randomized_benchmarking
Quantum benchmarking protocol
Cross-entropy benchmarking (XEB) is a statistical measure used to evaluate the performance in random circuit sampling experiments. It quantifies how strongly
Cross-entropy_benchmarking
Unit of quantum information
Naik, R. K.; Santiago, D. I.; Siddiqi, I. (2021-05-27). "Qutrit Randomized Benchmarking". Physical Review Letters. 126 (21) 210504. arXiv:2008.09134. Bibcode:2021PhRvL
Qutrit
Computer hardware technology that uses quantum mechanics
While programmers may depend on probability theory when designing a randomized algorithm, quantum-mechanical notions such as superposition and wave interference
Quantum_computing
2019 quantum processor by Google
Google claimed first evidence of quantum supremacy by running a randomized benchmarking simulation on the Sycamore. In 2019, Sycamore completed a task
Sycamore_(processor)
Theorem in physics
bits, x {\displaystyle x} and y {\displaystyle y} , independently and at random. He sends bit x {\displaystyle x} to Alice and bit y {\displaystyle y} to
Bell's_theorem
through the number of logical qubits or benchmarking metrics such as quantum volume, randomized benchmarking or circuit layer operations per second (CLOPS)
List_of_quantum_processors
Description of a quantum-mechanical system
QIP QMA PostBQP Quantum processor benchmarks Quantum supremacy Quantum volume QC scaling laws Randomized benchmarking XEB Relaxation times T1 T2 Quantum
Schrödinger_equation
Cryptography secured against quantum computers
various implementations. liboqs will also include a test harness and benchmarking routines to compare performance of post-quantum implementations. Furthermore
Post-quantum_cryptography
Quantum algorithm for integer factorization
{\displaystyle N} , the algorithm proceeds to handle the remaining case. We pick a random integer 2 ≤ a < N . {\displaystyle 2\leq a<N{.}} A possible nontrivial divisor
Shor's_algorithm
Standardized performance evaluation
it. The term benchmark is also commonly utilized for the purposes of elaborately designed benchmarking programs themselves. Benchmarking is usually associated
Benchmark_(computing)
Principle in quantum information theory
state. The theorem does not require that the initial state be somehow 'random' or 'balanced' or 'uniform': indeed, a third party preparing the initial
No-communication_theorem
Open-source software development kit
QIP QMA PostBQP Quantum processor benchmarks Quantum supremacy Quantum volume QC scaling laws Randomized benchmarking XEB Relaxation times T1 T2 Quantum
Qiskit
Quantum key distribution protocol
1/2 if she guesses the wrong basis. Bob proceeds to generate a string of random bits b ′ {\displaystyle b'} of the same length as b {\displaystyle b} and
BB84
Metric for a quantum computer's capabilities
problems a quantum computer can solve. Alternative benchmarks include Cross-entropy benchmarking, reliable Quantum Operations per Second (rQOPS) proposed
Quantum_volume
Quantum computing algorithm
QIP QMA PostBQP Quantum processor benchmarks Quantum supremacy Quantum volume QC scaling laws Randomized benchmarking XEB Relaxation times T1 T2 Quantum
Magic_state_distillation
Sub-field of quantum physics and optics
QIP QMA PostBQP Quantum processor benchmarks Quantum supremacy Quantum volume QC scaling laws Randomized benchmarking XEB Relaxation times T1 T2 Quantum
Quantum_optics
Superconducting qubit implementation
Naik, R. K.; Santiago, D. I.; Siddiqi, I. (2021-05-27). "Qutrit Randomized Benchmarking". Physical Review Letters. 126 (21) 210504. arXiv:2008.09134. Bibcode:2021PhRvL
Transmon
Basic unit of quantum information
QIP QMA PostBQP Quantum processor benchmarks Quantum supremacy Quantum volume QC scaling laws Randomized benchmarking XEB Relaxation times T1 T2 Quantum
Qubit
Method of inferring the results of a computation without running a quantum computer
QIP QMA PostBQP Quantum processor benchmarks Quantum supremacy Quantum volume QC scaling laws Randomized benchmarking XEB Relaxation times T1 T2 Quantum
Counterfactual quantum computation
Counterfactual_quantum_computation
Interdisciplinary theory behind quantum computing
time pad, a cipher used by spies during the Cold War, uses a sequence of random keys for encryption. These keys can be securely exchanged using quantum
Quantum_information_science
Interdisciplinary research area
particularly promising approaches for near-term applications. Large-scale benchmarking studies encompassing over 20,000 trained models have provided comprehensive
Quantum_machine_learning
Quantum search algorithm
{\displaystyle k\geq N/2} , a classical running of the checking oracle on a single random choice of input will more likely than not give a correct solution. A version
Grover's_algorithm
Type of quantum computer built out of Rydberg atoms
Piotrowicz, M. J.; Isenhower, L.; Saffman, M. (12 March 2015). "Randomized Benchmarking of Single-Qubit Gates in a 2D Array of Neutral-Atom Qubits". Physical
Neutral_atom_quantum_computer
Change of basis applied in quantum computing
QIP QMA PostBQP Quantum processor benchmarks Quantum supremacy Quantum volume QC scaling laws Randomized benchmarking XEB Relaxation times T1 T2 Quantum
Quantum_Fourier_transform
Programming language for quantum algorithms
QIP QMA PostBQP Quantum processor benchmarks Quantum supremacy Quantum volume QC scaling laws Randomized benchmarking XEB Relaxation times T1 T2 Quantum
Q_Sharp
Form of quantum computing
QIP QMA PostBQP Quantum processor benchmarks Quantum supremacy Quantum volume QC scaling laws Randomized benchmarking XEB Relaxation times T1 T2 Quantum
Hamiltonian quantum computation
Hamiltonian_quantum_computation
Upper bound on the knowable information of a quantum state
the classical register containing Bob's measurement outcome, which is a random variable whose distribution depends on Bob's choice of measurement. Holevo's
Holevo's_theorem
Definition of quantum circuits
QIP QMA PostBQP Quantum processor benchmarks Quantum supremacy Quantum volume QC scaling laws Randomized benchmarking XEB Relaxation times T1 T2 Quantum
Clifford_gate
Quantum error correcting code
photonic system. GKP codes protects against random shifts in the quadratures, which can be modeled as a Gaussian random displacement channel. N ( ρ ) = ∫ d x
Gottesman–Kitaev–Preskill code
Gottesman–Kitaev–Preskill_code
Theorem of quantum information theory
devices where a single qubit undergoes complete randomization; i.e., a pure state transforms to a random mixed state. Subsequently, the lost information
No-hiding_theorem
Theorem pertaining to the ontology of quantum mechanics
QIP QMA PostBQP Quantum processor benchmarks Quantum supremacy Quantum volume QC scaling laws Randomized benchmarking XEB Relaxation times T1 T2 Quantum
Pusey–Barrett–Rudolph_theorem
Physical phenomenon
QIP QMA PostBQP Quantum processor benchmarks Quantum supremacy Quantum volume QC scaling laws Randomized benchmarking XEB Relaxation times T1 T2 Quantum
Spin–lattice_relaxation
Forecasting rules for quantum computing
QIP QMA PostBQP Quantum processor benchmarks Quantum supremacy Quantum volume QC scaling laws Randomized benchmarking XEB Relaxation times T1 T2 Quantum
Quantum computing scaling laws
Quantum_computing_scaling_laws
Theorem of quantum information processing
QIP QMA PostBQP Quantum processor benchmarks Quantum supremacy Quantum volume QC scaling laws Randomized benchmarking XEB Relaxation times T1 T2 Quantum
No-broadcasting_theorem
Elementary particle with negative charge
electron and positron) is created in the vicinity of the event horizon, random spatial positioning might result in one of them to appear on the exterior;
Electron
Quantum Merlin Arthur
fictional agents Arthur and Merlin carry out the sequence: Arthur generates a random string, Merlin answers with a quantum certificate and Arthur verifies it
QMA
Experimental benchmarking allows researchers to learn about the accuracy of non-experimental research designs. Specifically, one can compare observational
Experimental_benchmarking
Model of quantum computation
QIP QMA PostBQP Quantum processor benchmarks Quantum supremacy Quantum volume QC scaling laws Randomized benchmarking XEB Relaxation times T1 T2 Quantum
Quantum_Turing_machine
Cloud quantum computing platform
QIP QMA PostBQP Quantum processor benchmarks Quantum supremacy Quantum volume QC scaling laws Randomized benchmarking XEB Relaxation times T1 T2 Quantum
IBM_Quantum_Platform
Theorem in quantum mechanics
QIP QMA PostBQP Quantum processor benchmarks Quantum supremacy Quantum volume QC scaling laws Randomized benchmarking XEB Relaxation times T1 T2 Quantum
Gleason's_theorem
Reconstruction of quantum states based on measurements
works to find out what measurement is being performed. Whereas, randomized benchmarking scalably obtains a figure of merit of the overlap between the error
Quantum_tomography
Concept in quantum information theory
QIP QMA PostBQP Quantum processor benchmarks Quantum supremacy Quantum volume QC scaling laws Randomized benchmarking XEB Relaxation times T1 T2 Quantum
Quantum_state_purification
Proposed quantum computer implementation
from ions interacting with external electromagnetic fields, which creates random movement and destroys the quantized energy states. The full requirements
Trapped-ion_quantum_computer
Quantum algorithm
accomplished with a recursive construction and the inclusion of a second, random oracle. The resulting decision problem is solvable by a QTM with O ( n )
Bernstein–Vazirani_algorithm
Type of quantum computer
need to control for error inducing thermal fluctuations, which produce random stray pairs of anyons which interfere with adjoining braids. Controlling
Topological_quantum_computer
Quantum-informatics technique
1007/s11128-022-03814-0. Montanaro, Ashley (2007). "On the distinguishability of random quantum states". Commun. Math. Phys. 273 (3): 619–636. arXiv:quant-ph/0607011
Quantum_state_discrimination
Type of quantum information processing
QIP QMA PostBQP Quantum processor benchmarks Quantum supremacy Quantum volume QC scaling laws Randomized benchmarking XEB Relaxation times T1 T2 Quantum
Adiabatic_quantum_computation
Secure communication method
no-cloning theorem. The goal of QKD is to enable two parties to produce a shared random secret key known only to them, which then can be used to encrypt and decrypt
Quantum_key_distribution
Paradigm of quantum computer
QIP QMA PostBQP Quantum processor benchmarks Quantum supremacy Quantum volume QC scaling laws Randomized benchmarking XEB Relaxation times T1 T2 Quantum
Linear optical quantum computing
Linear_optical_quantum_computing
Atoms kept at temperatures close to absolute zero
QIP QMA PostBQP Quantum processor benchmarks Quantum supremacy Quantum volume QC scaling laws Randomized benchmarking XEB Relaxation times T1 T2 Quantum
Ultracold_atom
Superconducting qubit implementation
QIP QMA PostBQP Quantum processor benchmarks Quantum supremacy Quantum volume QC scaling laws Randomized benchmarking XEB Relaxation times T1 T2 Quantum
Charge_qubit
Restricted model of non-universal quantum computation
molecules of pharmacological interest as well. Quantum random circuits Cross-entropy benchmarking Linear optical quantum computing KLM protocol Ball, Philip
Boson_sampling
Algorithm to be run on quantum computers
number of oracle calls needed to solve the problem. The deterministic and randomized query complexities are Θ ( k 2 ) {\displaystyle \Theta (k^{2})} and Θ
Quantum_algorithm
Quantum algorithm for solving systems of linear equations
QIP QMA PostBQP Quantum processor benchmarks Quantum supremacy Quantum volume QC scaling laws Randomized benchmarking XEB Relaxation times T1 T2 Quantum
HHL_algorithm
Computational benchmark
quantum processors. Sampling-based benchmarks can be used to calibrate and validate processors as integrated systems; random circuit sampling has been described
Quantum_supremacy
Code used in quantum error correction
the error rate is below a certain threshold. If p is the probability of a random error happening on a single qubit, the Shor code fail if two qubits are
Shor_code
Experimental technology level
resources, requiring careful optimization for each application. Recent benchmarking studies comparing different mitigation strategies have shown that symmetry
Noisy intermediate-scale quantum computing
Noisy_intermediate-scale_quantum_computing
Quantum mechanics idea
QIP QMA PostBQP Quantum processor benchmarks Quantum supremacy Quantum volume QC scaling laws Randomized benchmarking XEB Relaxation times T1 T2 Quantum
Entanglement_swapping
Quantum physics-based metaheuristic for optimization problems
speedup. The ETH reference in the previous section is just for one class of benchmark problems. Potentially there may be other classes of problems where quantum
Quantum_annealing
Physical phenomenon
using the Uhlmann-Jozsa fidelity as the unique distance measure for benchmarking teleportation is not justified, and one may choose different distinguishability
Quantum_teleportation
Quantum key distribution protocol - B92
k_{\text{Bob}}=\{\,a'_{i}\oplus 1\mid b_{i}=1\,\}} In the B92 scheme, Alice chooses a random bit sequence and encodes each bit using one of two non-orthogonal quantum
B92_protocol
Proposed semiconductor implementation of quantum computers
QIP QMA PostBQP Quantum processor benchmarks Quantum supremacy Quantum volume QC scaling laws Randomized benchmarking XEB Relaxation times T1 T2 Quantum
Spin_qubit_quantum_computer
Very general problem in computer science
QIP QMA PostBQP Quantum processor benchmarks Quantum supremacy Quantum volume QC scaling laws Randomized benchmarking XEB Relaxation times T1 T2 Quantum
Hidden_subgroup_problem
Theorem of quantum circuits
QIP QMA PostBQP Quantum processor benchmarks Quantum supremacy Quantum volume QC scaling laws Randomized benchmarking XEB Relaxation times T1 T2 Quantum
Gottesman–Knill_theorem
Process in quantum computing
QIP QMA PostBQP Quantum processor benchmarks Quantum supremacy Quantum volume QC scaling laws Randomized benchmarking XEB Relaxation times T1 T2 Quantum
Quantum_error_correction
Quantum error correction schemes can suppress the logical error rate arbitrarily low
QIP QMA PostBQP Quantum processor benchmarks Quantum supremacy Quantum volume QC scaling laws Randomized benchmarking XEB Relaxation times T1 T2 Quantum
Threshold_theorem
Type of error correction in quantum computing
[quant-ph]. Knill, E.; Laflamme, R.; Martinez, R.; Negrevergne, C. (2001). "Benchmarking Quantum Computers: The Five-Qubit Error Correcting Code". Phys. Rev.
Five-qubit error correcting code
Five-qubit_error_correcting_code
Point defect in diamonds
generation), quantum simulation, and spintronics. Natural NV centers are randomly oriented within a diamond crystal. Ion implantation techniques can enable
Nitrogen-vacancy_center
Property of computational resources needed
stabilizer Rényi entropy, which can be experimentally determined through randomized measurement protocols on quantum processors. Without magic, quantum computers
Magic_(quantum_information)
Structure that repeats in time; a novel type or phase of non-equilibrium matter
showed an oscillation with an intrinsic frequency and a time phase taking random values between 0 and 2π, as expected for spontaneous breaking of continuous
Time_crystal
Foundational object in quantum communication theory
QIP QMA PostBQP Quantum processor benchmarks Quantum supremacy Quantum volume QC scaling laws Randomized benchmarking XEB Relaxation times T1 T2 Quantum
Quantum_channel
Trapped-ion quantum gate
QIP QMA PostBQP Quantum processor benchmarks Quantum supremacy Quantum volume QC scaling laws Randomized benchmarking XEB Relaxation times T1 T2 Quantum
Mølmer–Sørensen_gate
Theorem in quantum information science
QIP QMA PostBQP Quantum processor benchmarks Quantum supremacy Quantum volume QC scaling laws Randomized benchmarking XEB Relaxation times T1 T2 Quantum
No-cloning_theorem
Topological quantum error correcting code
error correction will almost certainly succeed. Through a mapping to the random-bond Ising model, this critical probability has been found to be around
Surface_code
Means of studying the interaction of light and matter
QIP QMA PostBQP Quantum processor benchmarks Quantum supremacy Quantum volume QC scaling laws Randomized benchmarking XEB Relaxation times T1 T2 Quantum
Circuit quantum electrodynamics
Circuit_quantum_electrodynamics
Cryptography based on quantum mechanical phenomena
legitimate users share a key and change it to a pseudo-random keystream using the same pseudo-random number generator. Then, the legitimate parties can perform
Quantum_cryptography
Basic circuit in quantum computing
state results in a random number between | 0 ⟩ {\displaystyle |0\rangle } and | 2 n − 1 ⟩ {\displaystyle |2^{n}-1\rangle } . How random the number is depends
Quantum_logic_gate
Technique for comparing quantum states
\rangle } and | ψ ⟩ {\displaystyle |\psi \rangle } and outputs a Bernoulli random variable that is 1 with probability 1 2 − 1 2 | ⟨ ψ | ϕ ⟩ | 2 {\displaystyle
Swap_test
Quantum algorithm
using (classical) randomness with the square root speedup from Grover's (quantum) algorithm. First, n1/3 inputs to f are selected at random and f is queried
BHT_algorithm
Computer programming for quantum computers
using basic quantum operations, higher level tools for algorithms and benchmarking are available within specialized packages. Qiskit is based on the OpenQASM
Quantum_programming
Information held in the state of a quantum system
of photons encoded with randomly chosen bits but this time the bits Alice chooses the bases she must use. Bob still randomly chooses a basis by which
Quantum_information
Types of quantum information
QIP QMA PostBQP Quantum processor benchmarks Quantum supremacy Quantum volume QC scaling laws Randomized benchmarking XEB Relaxation times T1 T2 Quantum
Physical_and_logical_qubits
Highest rate quantum information can be sent through a noisy quantum channel
as well. We[who?] prove the theorem for this special case by exploiting random stabilizer codes and correcting only the likely errors that the channel
Quantum_capacity
Model of quantum computing
QIP QMA PostBQP Quantum processor benchmarks Quantum supremacy Quantum volume QC scaling laws Randomized benchmarking XEB Relaxation times T1 T2 Quantum
Quantum_circuit
Quantum physics of light and matter in a cavity
QIP QMA PostBQP Quantum processor benchmarks Quantum supremacy Quantum volume QC scaling laws Randomized benchmarking XEB Relaxation times T1 T2 Quantum
Cavity quantum electrodynamics
Cavity_quantum_electrodynamics
Model of computation
by letting | ψ ⟩ {\displaystyle |\psi \rangle } be chosen uniformly at random from 2 n {\displaystyle 2^{n}} computational basis states. When measured
One_clean_qubit
Code for quantum correction
QIP QMA PostBQP Quantum processor benchmarks Quantum supremacy Quantum volume QC scaling laws Randomized benchmarking XEB Relaxation times T1 T2 Quantum
Steane_code
Linear optical quantum computing implementation
QIP QMA PostBQP Quantum processor benchmarks Quantum supremacy Quantum volume QC scaling laws Randomized benchmarking XEB Relaxation times T1 T2 Quantum
KLM_protocol
Criteria for a usable quantum computer
sequences can be created that are more robust against certain systematic and random noise models. Liquid-state NMR was one of the first setups capable of implementing
DiVincenzo's_criteria
Quantum algorithm for eigenvalue estimation
QIP QMA PostBQP Quantum processor benchmarks Quantum supremacy Quantum volume QC scaling laws Randomized benchmarking XEB Relaxation times T1 T2 Quantum
Quantum phase estimation algorithm
Quantum_phase_estimation_algorithm
Type of superconducting quantum bit
QIP QMA PostBQP Quantum processor benchmarks Quantum supremacy Quantum volume QC scaling laws Randomized benchmarking XEB Relaxation times T1 T2 Quantum
Phase_qubit
Probability distribution in quantum mechanics
specifically to achieve a practical means of efficient and scalable randomized benchmarking to assess the errors in quantum computing operations, called gates
Quantum_t-design
Quantum error correction code
QIP QMA PostBQP Quantum processor benchmarks Quantum supremacy Quantum volume QC scaling laws Randomized benchmarking XEB Relaxation times T1 T2 Quantum
Stabilizer_code
Remote quantum processors for computation
QIP QMA PostBQP Quantum processor benchmarks Quantum supremacy Quantum volume QC scaling laws Randomized benchmarking XEB Relaxation times T1 T2 Quantum
Cloud-based_quantum_computing
Quantum computing implementation
taken 10,000 years on a classical computer. The task was random circuit sampling, a common benchmark for claims of "quantum supremacy" or quantum advantage
Superconducting quantum computing
Superconducting_quantum_computing
Theorem in quantum computing
QIP QMA PostBQP Quantum processor benchmarks Quantum supremacy Quantum volume QC scaling laws Randomized benchmarking XEB Relaxation times T1 T2 Quantum
Eastin–Knill_theorem
Planned quantum technology campus in Chicago
QIP QMA PostBQP Quantum processor benchmarks Quantum supremacy Quantum volume QC scaling laws Randomized benchmarking XEB Relaxation times T1 T2 Quantum
Illinois Quantum and Microelectronics Park
Illinois_Quantum_and_Microelectronics_Park
Quantum computing applied to natural language processing
QIP QMA PostBQP Quantum processor benchmarks Quantum supremacy Quantum volume QC scaling laws Randomized benchmarking XEB Relaxation times T1 T2 Quantum
Quantum natural language processing
Quantum_natural_language_processing
published. IBM unveils a 17-qubit quantum computer—and a better way of benchmarking it. Scientists build a microchip that generates two entangled qudits
Timeline of quantum computing and communication
Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication
RANDOMIZED BENCHMARKING
RANDOMIZED BENCHMARKING
RANDOMIZED BENCHMARKING
RANDOMIZED BENCHMARKING
Male
Hungarian
Czech and Hungarian form of Roman Tiburtius, TIBOR means "of the Tiber (river)."
Girl/Female
Muslim/Islamic
Heaven
Girl/Female
Tamil
Worshipped, Blessing of Lord Ganesh
Girl/Female
German
Old; Prosperous
Boy/Male
Latin
Singer.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Kannada, Malayalam, Marathi, Telugu
A River
Girl/Female
English American
The precious metal gold. Gilded. Famous bearer: American actress Goldie Hawn.
Male
Gaelic
Old Gaelic occupational name transferred to forename use, derived from the word cealloir, CEALLAIR means "superior of a church cell."Â
Girl/Female
French American
Follower of Saint Denys. From St. Denis.
Boy/Male
Hindu, Indian, Jain, Tamil
Lord of the Blessed
RANDOMIZED BENCHMARKING
RANDOMIZED BENCHMARKING
RANDOMIZED BENCHMARKING
RANDOMIZED BENCHMARKING
RANDOMIZED BENCHMARKING